J K 31 25 ■ ~ . — 

• 1923 ■"ryfroit <tf I. ig 

.C6 : 

c ° pvl MANUAL 

FOR 


MASSACHUSETTS 

VOTERS 



Endorsed by 


Americanization Committee, Boston Chamber of Commerce 
Education Committee, State Federation of IVomens Clubs 
Executive Board, Boston City Federation 


PRICE, 25 CENTS 

Boston League of Women Voters 
3 JOY STREET, BOSTON 
























■«,.-v. 

W ife€S« 1&$|St :' :: ; $> ': My. :4-:'SMm ■ - 0:.y 


. 

i®S : 



MANUAL 

FOR 

MASSACHUSETTS 

VOTERS 



Published by the 

College Equal Suffrage League 
of Boston 

as its Memorial to 

Lucy Stone 


Reprinted and Copyright, 1923, by the 

Boston League of Women Voters 
3 JOY STREET, BOSTON 

Price, 25 Cents 















Prepared by 


JKsizs' 
I1Z3 

.0 4 

FLORENCE H. LUSCOMB 
and 

IDA PORTER-BOYER 

for the 

COLLEGE EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE OF BOSTON 


The authors gratefully acknowledge their deep indebted¬ 
ness to the Boston League of Women Voters for the use of 
charts and material from the Citizens’ Guide, to Mrs. 
Wenona Osborne Pinkham, Mrs. Teresa A. Crowley, Mr. 
Charles I. Quirk, Mr. Herbert H. Boynton, and Mr. Alfred 
L. Cutting, who have given invaluable assistance in the pre¬ 
paration of this manual, and to the various authorities 
consulted. 


Third Edition , September , 1923 


22 


SEP 25 *23 

©C1A757555 

| 


Sfamuorii 



' UCY STONE, the first Massachu¬ 
setts woman to take a college de¬ 
gree {at Oberlin, Ohio, in 1847 ), 
was warmly interested in the promotion of 
good citizenship.. In her own character and 
life she was a noble example of the qualities 
that go to moke a good citizen. It is there¬ 
fore fitting that this manual of citizenship 
should be published by the College Equal 
Suffrage League of Boston as a memorial to 
her. 

Alice Stone Blackwell. 





TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Foreword. By Alice Stone Blackwell .3 

Map of Massachusetts.6 

National Government.7 

The Legislative Department.7 

Duties of Congress.8 

Committees.10 

The Executive Department.11 

The Cabinet.12 

Succession to the Presidency.13 

Commissions and Boards.13 

Salaries of National Officers.14 

The Judiciary.15 

Amending the United States Constitution. 16 

The State Government of Massachusetts.17 

Chart of Massachusetts Government.18 

The Legislative Department.17 

How a Law is Made .19 

Chart: Route of a Bill through the Legislature.21 

The Initiative and Referendum.22 

Salaries of State Officers.24 

Amending the Massachusetts Constitution.25 

The Executive Department.25 

The Governor.26 

The Lieutenant-Governor.27 

Succession to the Governorship.28 

Other State Officers.28 

The Departments.29 

The Judiciary.33 

County Government in Massachusetts.38 

Local Government in Massachusetts.40 

Towns.40 

Improvement Districts.43 

Cities .44 

Typical City Government .44 

Duties of City Officials.46 

Frame of Government of Massachusetts Cities, Table.48 

The City of Boston.51 

Boston City Government Chart.52-53 

The City Departments.57 


4 









































TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued 

Political Parties.65 

History of the Political Parties.65 

Political Party Chart.66 

Principles of the Political Parties.67 

The Democratic Party, by David I. Walsh.67 

The Republican Party, by Henry Cabot Lodge.67 

The Socialist Party, by George E. Roewer, Jr.68 

Party Organization. 69 

About Elections. 70 

Who May Vote in Massachusetts.70 

National Elections. 70 

Candidates and Elections.71 

Registration.75 

Voting.76 

Facsimile of a Ballot.78 

Naturalization.79 

Citizenship of Married Women.83 

Citizenship of Children.84 

Glossary of Political Terms.85 

Bibliography.89 

Index.90 


5 v 
























6 




















NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

(Read the Declaration of Independence 

AND 

The Constitution of the United States.) 

The three branches of the National Government are the 
Legislative, Executive and Judicial. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

The Legislative or law-making powers are vested in 
Congress which consists of a Senate and a House of Rep¬ 
resentatives. 

The Senate is composed of two members from each of 
the forty-eight States, making ninety-six in all. A Sena¬ 
tor must have attained the age of thirty years, have been 
a citizen of the United States nine years, and be an in¬ 
habitant of the State from which he is elected by the 
people. A United States Senator is elected for a term 
of six years. The Senate is so arranged that the terms 
of one-third of the members expire every second year, 
hence the Senate is a continuous body. The remaining 
two-thirds are called “hold-overs.” The Vice-President 
of the United States is ex-officio President of the Senate. 
He does not vote in that body unless there is a tie. 

The House of Representatives, at present, consists of 
435 members, chosen from the various States according 
to population. A State is entitled to one representative 
for every 211,877 of its inhabitants (the apportionment 
is still based on the census of 1910), but every State is 
entitled to one representative even though its population is 
less than the basis of representation. Massachusetts has 
sixteen representatives. 


7 


The territory of Alaska has one delegate, Hawaii and 
Porto Rico have one commissioner each, and there are 
two from the Philippines. These have all the privileges 
of members except the right to vote. 

A Representative must be twenty-five years of age, or 
over, a citizen of the United States for seven years, and 
an inhabitant of the State, but not necessarily of the dis¬ 
trict, from which he is elected. 

A Representative is elected to serve for two years* 
His election takes place in November, and his term begins 
March 4, but he renders no actual service until the fol¬ 
lowing December, thirteen months after his election, un¬ 
less a special session of the Congress is called. The pre¬ 
siding officer of the House of Representatives is elected 
from its own membership and is known as the Speaker of 
the House. 

Each Congress covers a period of two years, beginning 
with March 4 of the odd-numbered years. These Con¬ 
gresses are numbered consecutively. The Sixty-eighth 
Congress began March 4, 1923, and will terminate March 
4, 1925. There are two sessions of each Congress; the 
“long” session begins the first Monday in December of 
the odd-numbered years, and may continue indefinitely, 
even to the time of the second session, which convenes 
the first Monday in December of the even-numbered 
years and ends its existence the following March 4. Thus 
while the “long” session has no definite time of duration, 
the “short” session is limited to a specified time fixed by 
the Federal Constitution. 

DUTIES OF CONGRESS 

According to the tenth amendment to the Constitution 
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re¬ 
served to the States respectively, or to the people.” 

* 


Therefore Congress may legislate only on certain sub¬ 
jects, chiefly enumerated in Article I, Section 8 of the 
Constitution, as follows: 

“The Congress shall have Power 

1. To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay 
the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare 
of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uni¬ 
form throughout the United States; 

2. To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 
several States, and with the Indian Tribes; 

4. To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

5. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign 
Coin, and to fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 

6. To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securi¬ 
ties and current Coin of the United States; 

7. To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 

8. To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by 
securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive 
Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 

9. To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

10. To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on 
the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; 

11. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 

12 To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money 
to that Use shall be for a longer Term than Two Years; 

13. To provide and maintain a Navy; 

14. To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of tne 

lan i5 an To^rovffie^for’ calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws 
of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 
Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed m 
the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively 
the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the 
Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

17 To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, 
over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by 
Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, be¬ 
come the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to ex- 
come w e o Places purchased by the Consent of 

Se £eg.slature of Sie State in which the Same shall be for the 

tne ueg Fortg Magaz i n es, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other need¬ 


Erection of 

To maktTaU Laws which shall JJe necessary and jmoper for 


ful Buildings;—And 


carrying hito Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers 
vested bv this Constitution in the Government of the United States, 
or in anj Department or Officer thereof, 

9 


The Senate 

(1) Passes on all treaties made by the President, which 
must have the consent of two-thirds of the Sena¬ 
tors present when the vote is taken. 

(2) Confirms many Presidential appointments, including 
those of Cabinet members, diplomatic officials, 
judges, and a host of minor officials. 

(3) Has the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
the President of the United States is tried the Chief 
Justice presides. A two-thirds vote of the members 
present is required to convict. 

(4) Determines, in case of a tie vote in the Electoral Col¬ 
lege, who among the tied candidates shall be elected 
Vice-President. 

The House of Representatives 

(1) Originates all bills for raising revenue, although the 
Senate may propose amendments. 

(2) Brings all impeachments. 

(3) Determines, in case of a tie vote in the Electoral 
College, who among the tied candidates shall be 
elected President. 


CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES 


The Committees of the Senate and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives are chosen by these respective bodies. 

Among the most important committees are: 


SENATE 


HOUSE 


Agriculture and Forestry 

Appropriations 

Banking and Currency 

Commerce 

Finance 

Foreign Relations 

Immigration 

Interstate Commerce 

Military Affairs 

Naval Affairs 

Railroads 

Rules 


Agriculture 
Appropriations 
Banking and Currency 
Foreign Affairs 

Immigration and Naturalization 
Labor 

Merchant Marine and Fisheries 
Military Affairs 
Naval Affairs 
Rivers and Harbors 
Ways and Means 


10 


THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

By Executive Department is meant the President, 
whose duty it is to put into effect the laws made by Con¬ 
gress. 

No person is eligible to the office except a native born 
citizen, who has resided within the United States four¬ 
teen years, and has attained the age of thirty-five years. 
For the method of electing the President see page TO, 
Among the more important powers of the President 
are his authority: 

1. As Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy. 

2. To make treaties with foreign nations with the 
consent, by two-thirds vote, of the Senate. 

3. To grant reprieves and pardon offences against 
the United States except in cases of impeachment. 

4. To appoint, with the consent of the Senate, am¬ 
bassadors, foreign ministers, and consuls, all Federal 
judges, and nearly all officers of the United States 
whose appointments are established by law. 

5. To veto within ten days congressional legisla¬ 
tion, and to call special sessions of Congress. 

6. To appoint, with the confirmation of the Senate, 
administrative heads of respective Departments, who 
form his Cabinet. 


n 


THE CABINET * 

There are ten Cabinet members who compose an ad¬ 
visory board to the President, but he may accept or 
ignore the advice they give. They have no vote in Con¬ 
gress. They are: 

1. Secretary of State. —Keeps the seal of the United 
States, conducts negotiations concerning treaties and re¬ 
lations with foreign governments, issues passports, and 
generally transacts business between the President and 
Governors of the States. 

2. Secretary of the Treasury. —Has in charge the 
financial business of the country. He collects the rev¬ 
enues and customs, inspects national banks, controls the 
mints and supervises the printing of paper money. 

3. Secretary of War.— Has charge of the Army, pur¬ 
chases supplies for soldiers, transports troops, is responsi¬ 
ble for the conduct of the Military Academy at West 
Point, and for the direction of improvements of rivers 
and harbors. 

4. The Attorney General.— Acts as legal adviser to 
the President and the National Government and prose¬ 
cutes violations of Federal laws. 

5. The Postmaster General.— Establishes post offices, 
attends to the carrying and distributing of mails, and to 
postal savings banks. 

6. Secretary of the Navy.— Has charge of the con¬ 
struction of vessels, maintenance of navy yards and docks, 
and purchase of naval stores. He supervises the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis. 

7. Secretary of the Interior.— Has a variety of duties. 
He examines and grants pension claims, issues patents, 
directs the sale of public lands, the construction and oper¬ 
ation of irrigation works, and the geological survey. Also 

*A reorganization of the Departments is now under consideration. 
jU 12 



he is in charge of the Indian Bureau, and the national 
educational interests. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture.— Has charge of weather 
bureau and forestry service, animal industry which in¬ 
cludes inspection of meats and meat food products and 
the improvement of stock, the bureau of chemistry which 
analyzes foods, fertilizers, soils, etc., the bureau of bio¬ 
logical survey, entomology, and statistics. 

9. Secretary of Commerce.— Deals with coast and 
geodetic survey, fisheries, navigation, steamboat inspec¬ 
tion, and questions of manufacturing, mining, and trans¬ 
portation. 

10. Secretary of Labor.— Investigates conditions of 
labor, supervises the Children’s Bureau, immigration and 
naturalization. 

The various subdivisions of the above Departments are 
known as bureaus. 

SUCCESSION TO THE PRESIDENCY 

Should the President of the United States die, or be 
removed by disability or impeachment, he would be suc¬ 
ceeded by the Vice-President. Should the latter be re¬ 
moved, the succession to the presidency would devolve 
on the Cabinet members in the order above mentioned. 
Thus it is quite possible to have as President of the United 
States one who was not elected by the people, but was 
chosen as a cabinet appointee. 

COMMISSIONS AND BOARDS 

Congress has also created various Commissions outside 
the regular Departments, of which the more important are: 

The United States Civil Service Commission, of three 
members, to administer the examination and appoint¬ 
ment of applicants for government employment. 

The Interstate Commerce Commission, of seven mem¬ 
bers, to supervise interstate means of transportation and 

13 


communication, as to rates and other matters affecting 
the public welfare. 

The Federal Trade Commission, of five members, to 
prevent unfair practices in interstate business. It also 
gathers commercial information. 

The Federal Reserve Board, of seven members, includ¬ 
ing the Secretary of the Treasury, to supervise the Fed¬ 
eral Reserve Banking system, which is designed to pre¬ 
vent business and financial stress by providing elasticity 
in the circulation of money. 

The United States Tariff Commission, of six members, 
to gather information relating to the tariff for the guid¬ 
ance of the President and Congress. The Tariff Act of 
1922 authorized the President to increase or decrease 
duties in accordance with the facts ascertained by the 
Commission. 

The United States Railroad Labor Board, to decide 
disputes between the railroad management and employes 
concerning wages or working conditions. Its decrees 
are not binding on either party. Of the nine members of 
the Board, three are representatives of railroad labor, 
three of management, and three of the public. 

SALARIES OF NATIONAL OFFICERS. 


Member of House of Representatives .$ 7,500 yearly 

Senator . 7,500 “ 

Cabinet Member . 12,000 “ 

Vice-President of the United States . 12,000 “ 

President of the United States 75,000 “ 


In addition Congressmen are allowed mileage for each 
session of 20c each way to and from their homes, and 
other perquisites. The President has at his disposal an 
annual allowance of $25,000 for travelling expenses, and 
various additional sums for clerks, carriages, fuel, print¬ 
ing, care of grounds, etc., amounting to about $225,000 
per year. 


14 






THE JUDICIARY. 

The Federal Courts are quite distinct from State Courts. 
Article III of the Federal Constitution creates one Su¬ 
preme Court; the inferior Courts are established by Con¬ 
gress. The Judges of all Federal Courts are appointed 
by the President and the Senate. They hold office during 
life, unless they resign or are removed by impeachment. 
The Supreme Court sits in Washington, D. C., from 
October to May each year. Judges of the Supreme 
Court are nine in number. In order to divide the work 
of the Federal Courts, Congress has partitioned the coun¬ 
try into nine circuits, each containing a Federal Circuit 
Court of Appeals. Each Supreme Court Judge is as¬ 
signed to a circuit. Justice Holmes is assigned to the 
First Circuit, which includes Massachusetts. The Circuit 
Courts are subdivided into eighty-four districts, of which 
Massachusetts is one. In three cases one District Judge 
serves two districts; otherwise each district has one or 
more Federal District Judges. There is a United States 
District Attorney for each district. In most cases if a 
party is dissatisfied with the decision of a District Court 
he can appeal to the Circuit Court and through it to the 
Supreme Court of the United States. A decision rendered 
by the Supreme Court is final. 

Federal Courts have jurisdiction over all infractions of 
Federal laws; over cases in which the United States, two 
or more States, or citizens of different States, are parties; 
and those affecting foreign representatives such as am¬ 
bassadors and consuls. If a question of Federal law is 
involved , a Federal Court may also review the decision 
of the highest State Court. 

There is also a United States Court of Claims, to hear 
all claims against the United States, except pensions, and 
a United States Court of Customs Appeals to hear appeals, 
in cases relating to tariffs. 


15 


AMENDING THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. 

The process for amending the Constitution of the 
United States is determined in Article V of that instru¬ 
ment, which reads: 

“The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem 
it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on 
the Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several 
States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in 
either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of 
this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths 
of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior 
to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Man¬ 
ner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the 
first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be de¬ 
prived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.” 



16 


THE STATE GOVERNMENT OF 
MASSACHUSETTS 

Our State government is set up by the Constitution of 
Massachusetts, which is in two parts,—A Declaration of 
the Rights of the Inhabitants and a Frame of Govern¬ 
ment. The latter provides “for an equitable mode of 
making laws, as well as for impartial interpretation and 
a faithful execution of them”; in other words, it divides 
the State government into legislative, judicial, and ex¬ 
ecutive departments. 

The term of every elected State officer is two years. No 
person may be elected who does not know how to read and 
write. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The Legislature makes the laws. In Massachusetts it is 
called the General Court. It consists of two branches, 
a Senate and a House of Representatives. It meets every 
year in the State House at Boston, on the first Wednesday in 
January, and the session usually lasts until summer. A 
special session may be called at other times. 

The Senate has 40 members, one elected from each of 
the 40 Senatorial Districts into which the State is divided. 
A Senator must live in the district he represents, and must 
have lived in the State for the five preceding years. The 
Senate elects one of its members as its presiding officer, 
called the President of the Senate. 

The House of Representatives has 240 members,— 
one, two, or three elected from each of the 165 Repre¬ 
sentative Districts of the State, according to the number 
of legal voters in the district. A Representative must 

17 


3aoo oasac cxx-acnrovcsYw 
























































live in the district he represents and must have lived in 
the State for one year. The House chooses one of its 
members to preside, called the Speaker of the House. 

Senate and House Committee members are appointed by 
the President and Speaker respectively. 

Any State officer may be removed by impeachment by 
the General Court for misconduct in office. The im¬ 
peachment, or accusation, is made by the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives and tried by the Senate. 

HOW A LAW IS MADE. 

(See chart, page 21) 

In general, a measure is introduced in the Legislature, 

referred to a committee, has a public hearing, is reported 

by the committee, passes three readings in either one of 
the branches, passes three readings in the other branch, is 
enacted by the House, is enacted by the Senate, and is 
signed by the Governor. 

A bill may be introduced 

(1) by petition of any citizen, presented by a member of the Gen¬ 
eral Court. 

(2) by initiative petitions, under the initiative and referendum. 

(3) by any member of the General Court. 

(4) by a committee, based upon a message from the Governor or 
any report referred to it. 

(5) by the Governor. 

Bills, except those of a committee or the Governor, 
must be filed in the first eleven days of the session. 
Later bills may be admitted only by a four-fifths vote in 
both branches. 

Measures may be introduced in either house. 

The measure is now referred to the appropriate stand¬ 
ing committee. These are about thirty in number, most 
of them joint committees composed of both Senators and 
Representatives, The committee studies the measure 
and holds one or more public hearings, at which all per- 

19 


sons, in favor or opposed, may appear and present their 
arguments. The committee reports the measure to the 
Legislature, with a favorable or adverse recommenda¬ 
tion. An adverse report makes the passage of the meas¬ 
ure more difficult. Every measure must be reported . Bills 
to raise State revenue must be reported into the House; 
all others may be reported into either branch. 

If the bill involves the expenditure of any money it 
then goes to a second committee for a report on its finan¬ 
cial aspects. (In the Senate to Ways and Means. In the 
House to Ways and Means, or to Counties if it is county 
money which is involved.) 

Certain motions, including any proposition which in¬ 
volves a special investigation by a legislative committee, 
go to the Rules Committee in addition. 

The measure is now read three times, on different days, 
and may be debated and amended at the second and third 
readings. Before its third reading the Committee on 
Bills in Third Reading makes certain that it is correctly 
and clearly worded. 

It then goes to the second branch, where the same pro¬ 
cess is repeated. If this body amends it in any way, it 
must go back to have the first house concur in the 
changes, and it may be necessary to have a conference 
committee of members of the two houses to adapt the 
measure so that both branches will accept it. 

The Secretary of the Commonwealth next makes an 
engrossed copy, which is examined by the House Com¬ 
mittee on Engrossed Bills to make certain that it is abso¬ 
lutely correct. It is then passed once more by the House, 
signed by the Speaker, and sent to the Senate. In the 
same way it is reported “rightly and truly engrossed” by 
the Senate Committee on Engrossed Bills, “passed to be 
enacted” by the Senate, signed by the President of the 
Senate, and is sent to the Governor. 

20 


PETITION 

ACCOMPANIED BY BIU 



HOUSE 


Introduced into House 
Referred to Joint Comm. 


JOINT COMMITTEE 

Hearing 


Reported to House ^ j 


First Reading of Bill 
Ordered to 2- Reading 


Second Reading of Bill 
Ordered to p* Reading 


HOUSE COHN. 
ON BILLS IN 
3" READING 


Repo rted as correctly d^awn| 

Third Reading of Bill 
Passed tq be engrossed 


Passed to lie enacted 
Signed by Speaker 


SENATE CONK 
ON BILLS IN 
3“ READING 


| SEC OF THE COMMONWEALTH" 



SENATE COMM. 
ON ENGROSSED 
BILLS 


GOVERNOR 

Signed 


SENATE 


u?ii 


First Reading of Bill 
Ordered to Z' 4 Reading 


Second Reading of Bill 
Ordered 10^3^ Reading 


Repgrl|e d as correctly drawn 

Third Reading of Bill 
Passed to bp engrossed 


Signed 


P 


Passed to be enacted 


b 7 Pt , 


es. of Senate 


ROUTE OF A BILL THROUGH THE LEGISLATURE. 

A bill raising money must originate in the House: any other bill may be voted 
on first in either) the House or the Senate. If it involves the* expenditure of 
money, or special investigations by a legislative committee, it has one or two 
additional committee stages in each branch. 





































If the Governor signs the bill it becomes law. He may, 
however, “veto” it, by returning it unsigned within five days 
with a message stating his objections. It then does not be¬ 
come law unless it is “passed over the Governor's veto” 
in each house by a two-thirds vote of the members present. 
If the Governor does not veto the bill within the five days 
allowed him it becomes law even without his signature, 
except at the end of the session when the Legislature 
adjourns before the expiration of the five days. In appro¬ 
priation bills, but no others, the Governor may veto sep¬ 
arate items and approve the rest. The Governor may 
also, once only, return any measure to the Legislature, rec¬ 
ommending that certain amendments be made. That body 
may make these amendments, or others, or may return the 
bill to the Governor in its original form. 

THE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM 

Laws may also be passed or defeated under the Constitu¬ 
tional provisions for the initiative and referendum, accord¬ 
ing to which “the people reserve to themselves the popular 
initiative, which is the power of a specified number of voters 
to submit Constitutional Amendments and laws to the 
people for approval or rejection; and the popular referen¬ 
dum, which is the power of a specified number of voters 
to submit laws, enacted by the General Court, to the people 
for their ratification or rejection.” 

The Initiative. 

Certain matters are excluded from the initiative, such 
as those dealing with religion, or with localities, etc. 

Ten voters may petition for a law, and have the Attor¬ 
ney-General certify that it is in proper form, has not been 
submitted within three years, and is not on one of the 
excluded subjects. They file their petition with the Sec¬ 
retary of the Commonwealth, who issues petition blanks 
for further signatures. 


22 


If the signatures of 20,000 voters are filed with the Sec¬ 
retary by the first Wednesday of December, the measure 
comes before the next Legislature. That body may not 
amend it in any way, but may propose a substitute to go 
on the ballot as an alternative measure. 

If the General Court does not enact the measure, and if 
5,000 additional signatures are filed, the question goes on 
the ballot at the next State election. 

If the affirmative votes are a majority of those cast on 
the measure, and are not less than 30% of the total num¬ 
ber of ballots cast at the election, the law is passed. 

The Governor may not veto such a law, but the General 
Court may subsequently amend or repeal it. 

The Referendum. 

Certain subjects are excluded from the referendum, 
largely the same ones as from the initiative. 

No law passed by the General Court on unexcluded 
subjects may go into effect for ninety days, unless the 
Governor, or the General Court by a two-thirds vote, 
declares it to be an emergency law, necessary for the 
immediate preservation of the public peace, health, 
safety, or convenience. The emergency clause may not be 
applied to the granting, amendment, or extension for 
more than one year of any franchise. An emergency 
law may go into immediate effect, but is not exempt from 
the referendum. 

Ten voters may within thirty days file with the Sec¬ 
retary a petition for a referendum on any law passed 
by the Legislature (not on an excluded subject) and 
secure blanks for further signatures. 

If 10,000 signatures are filed within ninety days after 
the law becomes law, the question is submitted to the 
voters at the next State election. (If less than thirty 
days intervene, pot until the following State election.) 

23 


If 15,000 signatures are filed the law is suspended 

pending the election. This cannot be applied to an 
emergency law. 

If the negative votes are a majority of those cast on 
the measure and are equal to 30% of the total ballots 
cast at the election the law is repealed. 

General Provisions of the /. and R. 

Not more than one-fourth of the petition signatures 
may be from any one county. 

When any measure is to be voted upon at an election the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth must prepare and send to 
every voter a pamphlet of information about it. 


SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS 


(Jan. 1, 1923) 

Governor .$10,000 yearly 

Lieutenant-Governor . 4,000 “ 

Councillors . 1,000 “ 

Secretary . 6,000 “ 

Attorney-General . 8,000 “ 

Treasurer . 6,000 “ 

Auditor . 6,000 “ 

Department Heads .maximum 5,000 to 9,000 “ 

State Senators and Representatives . 1,500 ” 

President of Senate and Speaker of House. 3,000 “ 


24 














AMENDING THE MASSACHUSETTS CONSTITUTION 

In general, an amendment must be passed by two Gen¬ 
eral Courts successively elected (not two sessions of the 
same General Court) , at joint sessions of the Senate and 
House, and be adopted on a referendum to the voters at 
the next State election. The votes necessary for its pas¬ 
sage in these various stages depend on how the amend¬ 
ment originated. 


INITIATIVE 
AMENDMENT 
Introduced by in¬ 
itiative petition of 
25,000 voters, not 
more than one- 
quarter from any 
one county. 
Legislature may 
amend .by vote of 
three-quarters o f 
those voting thereon. 

Passes General 
Court by vote of % 
of all members 
elected, or 70 votes. 

Adopted by voters 
if the affirmative 
votes are a major¬ 
ity of those cast on 
the measure and 
are 30% of total 
ballots cast at the 
election. 


LEGISLATIVE 
SUBSTITUTE 
FOR AN INITIA¬ 
TIVE AMEND¬ 
MENT 

Introduced by a 
member of the Gen¬ 
eral Court. 


Passes General 
Court by majority 
vote of those voting 
thereon. 

Adopted, same as 
Initiative Amend¬ 
ment. 


LEGISLATIVE 
AMENDMENT 
Introduced by a 
member of the Gen¬ 
eral Court. 


Passes General' 
Court by majority 
vote of all members 
elected, or 141 votes.. 

Adopted if the af¬ 
firmative votes are 
a majority of those 
cast on the meas¬ 
ure. 


The Constitution may also be amended by the process 
of a Constitutional Convention. The voters elect dele¬ 
gates, who draft amendments, and submit them for rati¬ 
fication to the voters. 


THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The Executive Department carries out the law and 
business of the Commonwealth. It consists of the Gov¬ 
ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, 8 Councillors, and 4 other 

25 


elective State officers —Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
Attorney-General, Treasurer, and Auditor, each in charge 
of a Department,—and 16 other Departments. The 
Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and Councillors take 
office on the Thursday after the first Wednesday of Jan¬ 
uary following their election, and the other officers on 
the third Wednesday in January. 

THE GOVERNOR 

The Governor is the head of the State. He must have 
been a resident of the Commonwealth for the seven pre¬ 
ceding years. Most of the Governor’s acts are subject to 
confirmation by a Council,—an unusual provision existing 
in but four States. The Governor’s Council consists of 
the Lieutenant-Governor and one member elected from 
each of the eight Councillor Districts into which the State 
is divided. The Governor presides at the Council meet¬ 
ings, but has no vote. Ordinarily meetings are held once 
a week. 

Powers Which the Governor May Exercise Alone . 

He is Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval 
forces of the Commonwealth, and may order out the 
militia for training, parade, the enforcement of law, and 
in cases of rebellion or invasion. He may not, however, 
proclaim martial law, as only the Legislature may do 
this. 

The Governor’s veto is a power of utmost importance. 
(See page 22.) He may declare an act an emergency 
measure. (See page 23.) 

The Governor sends a yearly message to the General 
Court, and may also send special messages from time to 
time. 

The Governor must draw up a yearly budget , or estimate 
of all the State expenses and revenues for the coming year. 

Under the United States Constitution the Governor has 

26 


the power of extradition, —which is the power of securing 
the return of a fugitive from justice who has fled from one 
State into another. 

Powers of the Governor , with the Advice and 
Consent of the Council . 

Control over the Departments . He appoints and may 
remove the Commissioners in charge of the sixteen Ex¬ 
ecutive Departments, and with but two exceptions deter¬ 
mines their salaries, subject to maximum limitations. He 
appoints some of the lesser officials and must approve 
many other salaries. Rules and regulations established 
by the Departments must be approved by him. 

It is the duty of the Governor and Council to inspect all 
State institutions. 

He appoints all Judges of the Commonwealth, as also Jus¬ 
tices of the Peace and Notaries Public. (See Judiciary, 
page 33.) 

He may call a special session of the Legislature . 

He may pardon offences, except that no pardon may be 
granted until after conviction, nor to any person convicted 
on impeachment. 

He must approve all expenditures from the State treas¬ 
ury. 

He has a right,—possessed also by each branch of the 
Legislature,—to require the opinions of the Justices of 
the Supreme Judicial Court, but only “upon important 
questions of law and upon solemn occasions’’, which 
means only when the subject is actually before the body 
asking the opinion. 

THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. 

The qualifications of the Lieutenant-Governor are the 
same as those of the Governor. 

Ordinarily his only duties are those belonging to him 

§7 


as a member of the Governor’s Council. In case of the death 
or incapacity of the Governor, or during his absence from 
the State, the Lieutenant-Governor assumes the office, 
with all its responsibilities. 

SUCCESSION TO THE GOVERNORSHIP. 

If both the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are 
permanently or temporarily unable to act, the Secretary, 
Attorney-General, Treasurer, and Auditor in turn succeed 
to the duties of the office. 

OTHER STATE OFFICERS 

The Secretary of the Commonwealth has a great 
variety of duties, mostly relating to the keeping of records. 
The official records of both the Executive and Legislative 
Departments are in his charge, as well as the archives 
containing priceless historical documents. He issues 
commissions of officials and charters of corporation, 
registers trade marks, and receives returns of vital sta¬ 
tistics, naturalization, etc., and corporation reports. He 
directs the taking of the State census every tenth year (1915 
etc.). He has entire management of everything connected 
with State elections,—registration of voters, elections, and 
candidates’ returns of expenses. 

The Attorney-General represents the Commonwealth 
in important criminal and civil cases; renders all legal 
services required by the State officers; prosecutes offend¬ 
ers against the laws of the Commonwealth; and advises 
with the District Attorneys. 

The Treasurer has the custody and administration of 
the moneys of the Commonwealth. No person may be 
Treasurer more than three successive terms. 

The Auditor must approve all demands for payment 
made against the State, and see that all departments and 
institutions keep proper financial accounts. 

28 , 


THE DEPARTMENTS * 

The following is a summary of the Departments and 
the duties allotted to each. Four of the Departments 
(Banking and Insurance, Civil Service and Registration, 
Industrial Accidents, and Public Utilities) are under 
Commissions of two or more members; each of the 
others is in charge of a single Commissioner. The Com¬ 
missioners are appointed for terms of three or five years 
by the Governor and confirmed by the Council. They also 
determine the Commissioners’ salaries (except the De¬ 
partments of Industrial Accidents and of Public Health) 
subject to a maximum limitation varying from $5,000 
to $9,000 in the several Departments. With very few 
exceptions each Department is organized in divisions, 
each under a Director, to handle the different phases of 
its work. Generally the Commissioner, subject to the 
approval of the Governor and Council, appoints the 
Directors and fixes their salaries. 

The Department of Agriculture promotes the agri¬ 
cultural welfare of the State, through many and various 
activities. 

The Department of Conservation protects our re¬ 
sources of forests, fish, birds, and game and domestic- 
animals. 

The Department of Banking and Insurance strives to 
safeguard the people against wildcat banks and insur¬ 
ance companies, and extortionate loan sharks, and directs 
the State-aided system of Savings Bank Life Insurance. 


*A special commission investigating State administration and finance in 1922 
recommended a drastic reorganization of the work of the executive departments, 
so that there should be nine major departments,—Administration and Finance, 
Public Safety, Public Welfare, Corporate Activities, Public Works, Agriculture 
and Conservation, Public Health, Labor and Industries, and Education. Therefore 
within the next few years there may be a complete redistribution of the various 
functions described here. 

As a step in this direction the Legislature in 1922 created a permanent Com¬ 
mission on Administration and Finance with (1) a Comptroller’s Bureau to keep 
all the State financial accounts, (2) a Budget Bureau to prepare the annual esti¬ 
mates, (3) a Purchasing Bureau, and (4) a Division of Personnel and Standard¬ 
isation to promote co-ordination and uniform methods in the departments, 

29 



The Department of Corporations and Taxation has 

charge of the assessment and collection of all the State 
taxes,—direct, income, inheritance, etc.—and passes 
upon the organization and conduct of all corporations. 

The Department of Education fosters and has general 
oversight of education in the Commonwealth; holds 
local schools to a high standard by setting the require¬ 
ments which they must meet in order to share in State 
aid; conducts the ten State Normal Schools. The Trus¬ 
tees of various institutions serve under this Department: 
—the Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst, 
the Massachusetts Nautical School, and the three textile 
schools maintained in Fall River, Lowell and New Bed¬ 
ford. 

The Division of University Extension conducts exten¬ 
sion classes and correspondence courses. 

The Division of Immigration and Americanization is 
a great service bureau to give the immigrant advice, 
information, and protection from exploitation, and to 
promote his assimilation and naturalization. 

The Division of the Blind registers and investigates 
the condition of the blind, and aids them by maintain¬ 
ing information and employment bureaus, workshops, 
and salesrooms. 

The Division of Public Libraries promotes the estab¬ 
lishment and efficiency of free public libraries especially 
in small towns. 

The Department of Civil Service and Registration. 

The Civil Service Division aims to protect us from ineffi¬ 
cient public employees and the corrupting spoils sys¬ 
tem, by placing upon the merit system the selection and 
discharge of persons appointed to office or receiving 
labor employment in the government of the Common¬ 
wealth, cities, and towns. 

The Division of Registration protects us from 


ignorant and quack medical service by requiring the 
examination and registration of persons practicing medi¬ 
cine, dentistry, pharmacy, registered nursing, embalm¬ 
ing, optometry, or veterinary medicine. Electricians 
and Certified Public Accountants must also be registered. 

The Department of Industrial Accidents enforces the 
Workmen’s Compensation Law, which provides a defi¬ 
nite scale of payments and necessary medical treatment 
for workmen injured in the course of their employment, 
without the necessity of a lawsuit. 

The Department of Labor and Industries is charged 
with enforcing all the labor laws and regulations which 
protect the workers; strives to eliminate accidents and 
occupational diseases; seeks to settle industrial disputes; 
administers the Minimum Wage Law, aiming to raise 
wages of the most underpaid women and child workers; 
maintains the State free employment bureaus; collects 
statistics on labor and manufactures; and supervises 
weights and measures. 

The Department of Mental Diseases inspects and has 
general supervision over the State and private institu¬ 
tions for the insane, epileptic, and feeble-minded, and 
through its Division of Mental Hygiene seeks to prevent 
mental diseases. 

The Department of Correction controls the five State 
penal institutions; has limited authority over county in¬ 
stitutions; and paroles prisoners. 

The Department of Public Welfare supervises the 
State, County, and local charitable institutions, and pri¬ 
vate charities; boards out and supervises all of the de¬ 
pendent and neglected children who come into the caie 
of the State; conducts the three Training Schools and 
the parole departments for wayward and delinquent 
boys and girls; also seeks to improve housing condi¬ 
tions. 

31 


The Department of Public Health promotes public 
health through manifold activities. Seven District 
Health Officers keep watch over health conditions and 
advise and help the local authorities and physicians 
throughout the State. 

The Department makes inspections and enforces the 
laws relating to food, drugs, pure ice, milk, dairy prod¬ 
ucts, slaughter-houses, cold storage plants, etc.; carries 
on a vast educational work dealing with the care and 
prevention of disease, food and nutrition, dental hy¬ 
giene, and above all with child conservation; investi¬ 
gates water supplies, sewerage and drainage systems, 
and undertakes special sanitary engineering jobs; seeks 
to control dangerous diseases and epidemics; carries on 
special investigations and campaigns; maintains labora¬ 
tories; directs the four State Consumptive Sanatoria. 

The Department of Public Safety is charged with 
enforcing the criminal laws; licenses and inspects cer¬ 
tain buildings,—such as schools, factories, stores, hotels, 
tenements, theatres,—to see that they comply with the 
laws for public safety; regulates the handling of explo¬ 
sives and inflammables, and has important fire preven¬ 
tion duties. 

The Department of Public Works. The Division of 

Highways constructs and maintains the system of State 
highways, registers motor vehicles and aircraft, and 
licenses operators. The Division of Waterways and 
Public Lands has general care and supervision of all 
harbors and tidewaters, of the Connecticut, Merrimac, 
and Taunton Rivers, and of great ponds. It has especial 
authority to develop and administer the port of Boston. 

The Department of Public Utilities regulates various 
public service corporations (steamboat companies, most 
electric railways, railroads within the State, and tele¬ 
phone, telegraph, express, gas, electric, and private 

32 


water companies) as to their rates, equipment, quality 
of service, and financial operation. 

The Metropolitan District Commission maintains the 
Metropolitan park and boulevard, water, and sewerage 
systems, which serve Greater Boston, and studies metro¬ 
politan transportation problems. 


THE JUDICIARY. 

In Massachusetts all Judges are appointed for life by 
the Governor and confirmed by the Council. A Judge may 
retire, but can be removed only 

(a) by the Governor and Council, on account of age, 
or mental or physical disability. 

(b) by address: that is, a request for his removal 
passed by the Legislature and approved by the Gov¬ 
ernor and Council. 

(c) by impeachment for misconduct. 

KINDS OF COURTS 

The courts of Massachusetts are of three grades: 

District Courts, called Municipal Courts in Boston, 
six Boston Districts, and Brookline. 

The Superior Court. 

The Supreme Judicial Court. 

There are also special courts to handle special classes 
of cases, —Land, Probate, and Juvenile Courts. 

The Municipal and District Courts, of which there are 
73. Each has authority over a certain area. Each is pre¬ 
sided over by a Justice (the legal term for a Judge), 
with other Associate and Special Justices to conduct 
additional trials. Each has a Clerk, who keeps its rec¬ 
ords. These courts meet daily throughout the year to 

33 


transact criminal* business, and generally weekly, ex¬ 
cept in summer, for civil business. They have no jury. 

The enormous hulk of minor litigation is handled in 
these courts. They try all misdemeanors^, —such as 
drunkness, automobile-law violations, and petty larceny, 
and may try civil cases cases involving $1,000 or less. 
(The Boston Municipal Court has jurisdiction up to 
$ 2 , 000 .) 

Since the right to trial by jury is guaranteed by the 
Constitution, either party which is dissatisfied with the 
decision of one of these courts may appeal to the Supe¬ 
rior Court, where the case is tried afresh from the be¬ 
ginning. [Civil cases in the Boston Municipal Court go 
instead to a special Appellate (appeal) Division of the 
Municipal Court, consisting of three Justices, but the de¬ 
fendant has the right, before trial, to remove the case to 
the Superior Court.] 

These courts also conduct the original hearings of per - 
sons accused of felonies, and decide whether or not to hold 
them for the Grand Jury. 

The Superior Court consists of a Chief Justice and 
27 other Justices, each of whom presides over a trial. This 
court has a jury, though cases may be tried without it if 
both parties waive jury trial. 

The court holds specified sessions in each county, in 
the “shire town” or towns. The Justices travel about 
the State. In Suffolk County the sessions are practi¬ 
cally continuous from October to June, and usually ten 
or eleven Judges will be conducting trials at one time. 
The voters of Suffolk County elect two Clerks of the 

♦Cases are either civil or criminal. Criminal cases are brought by the 
State for violation of the law: civil cases are those dealing with claims rather 
than crimes, and are usually between private individuals. 

tOffences are classified as of two degrees: felonies, crimes punishable by 
death or imprisonment in state prison; misdemeanors, all less serious offences. 

34 



Superior Court and one of the Supreme Judicial Court: 
every other county elects one Clerk of Courts who 
serves both courts. 

This is the great jury trial court . It tries all indictments 
for felonies, most of the complaints for serious misde¬ 
meanors, and most civil suits involving more than $300, 
(Smaller suits may be brought in this court instead of in 
the lower court if the plaintiff chooses.) It also hears 
all divorce cases. 

Questions of law may be appealed to the Supreme 
Judicial Court. 

The Supreme Judicial Court consists of a Chief Justice 
and six other Justices. 

Certain kinds of cases, including those involving ques¬ 
tions of taxation, right to public offices, dissolution of 
corporations, and other like matters, may have their origi¬ 
nal trial before single Justices of this court, sitting at 
stated times in each county. 

The full bench also sits periodically in each county as an 
appellate court , when four or more Justices have the final 
decision on all questions of law appealed from any lower 
court and from the individual Justices of this court. If 
an appeal is sustained, the case goes back to the other 
court, there to be retried. The Supreme Judicial Court 
interprets the State Constitution when cases involving it 
arise. The decisions and interpretations of this court 
really establish what is the law of the Commonwealth. 

Special sessions of these several courts are held, de¬ 
voted to special classes of cases, such as equity sessions 
(to deal with civil cases in which the application of the ordi¬ 
nary law does not provide a just settlement), separate 
sessions for civil and criminal cases, for cases requiring a 
speedy trial, and for divorce cases. The Domestic Rela- 

& 


tions Court in Boston is part of the Boston Municipal 
Court. 

Special courts also exist. Each county has a Judge of 
Probate and Insolvency, who settles estates, appoints 
guardians, and hears separate support cases. The Land 
Court sits in Boston to pass upon titles. Boston has a 
Juvenile Court, which deals with delinquents less than 17 
years of age, and neglected children up to 16 years. 
Special Juvenile Sessions of the various District Courts 
are generally held elsewhere. 

There are eight elected District Attorneys who pro¬ 
secute offenders against the State laws, and have also the 
important duty of discovering criminals and securing 
their indictment by the Grand Jury. 

The grand jury exists to decide whether, in the case 
of any person charged by the District Attorney with a 
felony or held by the District Court, the evidence against 
him is sufficient to warrant trying him. The grand jury 
in each country is composed of 23 men, who hear privately 
the evidence against the accused, and decide by majority 
vote whether or not to find an indictment against him. 

The trial, petit, or traverse jury consists of 12 men. 

The jury list is made up from the qualified voters, with 
numerous exemptions, by the Selectmen in towns and by 
the Registrars of Voters in cities,—in Boston, Cambridge 
and Lowell by the Election Commissioners,—and the 
panel for each particular session is chosen by lot from 
this jury list. The jury hears the evidence and decides 
the facts of the case by unanimous vote: the Judge deter¬ 
mines the law relating to the case, such as what evidence 
may be admitted, etc. The jury’s decision in regard to 
f£cts is conclusive, except that the Judge may set asicje 

36 


any verdict, except acquittal of a criminal charge, if in 
his opinion it is contrary to the law and the evidence.* 

At the discretion of a Judge any prisoner may be put 
on probation, and each District and Superior Criminal 
Court has one or more probation officers to oversee him 
during his probation period, which is generally six months 
or a year. 

Justices of the Peace, Notaries Public, and Special 
Commissioners are commissioned to perform certain, 
duties relating to the judiciary, chiefly to take acknowl¬ 
edgments to legal documents and to administer oaths. 
Justices of the Peace may also summon witnesses and 
certain ones are authorized to perform marriages. These 
officials are appointed by the Governor and Council for 
a term of seven years and are removable at will. They 
receive no salary, but charge fees for their services. 

In eleven of the smaller communities a Justice of the 
Peace is specially commissioned for three years as a Trial 
Justice , to try certain trivial offences. 



*Genl. Laws, 1921; Chap. 231, Section 127- 


§7 



COUNTY GOVERNMENT IN 
MASSACHUSETTS 

In Massachusetts the county is primarily a judicial dis¬ 
trict of the State, having also certain functions of local 
government. Each of the fourteen counties maintains one 
or more court houses and one or more jails, and all ex¬ 
cept Dukes a house of correction; many maintain county 
training schools for truants; all except Suffolk carry on 
some form of aid to agriculture, or a county agricultural 
school, or both; and after 1925 each county will be re¬ 
quired to provide adequate care for the treatment of 
tuberculosis. The county also takes an active part in 
highway improvements. Some counties spend over a 
million dollars annually. 

The county business is administered by three County 
Commissioners, * elected for four-year terms. Two As¬ 
sociate Commissioners are also elected to serve in cases 
when a Commissioner is absent or is interested in a ques¬ 
tion before the board. The County Commissioners repre¬ 
sent their county and have the care of its property and 
the management of its affairs in all cases not otherwise 
expressly provided for. They see to erecting and repair¬ 
ing all necessary public buildings, including accommoda¬ 
tion for all courts sitting in the county. They prepare 
the annual county budget, subject to its approval by the 
Legislature. They have wide powers as to the alteration 
and construction of roads in towns, and in some cities. 
They have responsibility as to the construction and safety 
of reservoirs, dams, etc. They prescribe the manner of 
crossing of highways and railways, and assess damages 

♦Except in Boston, Chelsea and Nantucket, where the city or town author¬ 
ities take their place. The Middlesex Commissioners have jurisdiction over 
pertain piatters ip Revere apd Winthrop in Suffolk County. 



for the taking of land for various purposes. They are a 
board of appeal from the action of local boards of health, 
of assessors, and in some other matters. After each 
State census they re-divide their counties into Representa¬ 
tive Districts. 

Other county officers are elected as follows: 

Clerks of Courts, 3 in Suffolk County, 1 elsewhere, 
elected for six-year terms. They act as Clerks of the 
Superior and Supreme Judicial Courts and of the Boards 
of County Commissioners. 

Sheriff, six-year term, enforces court decrees, has cus¬ 
tody of all prisoners, and in many counties performs the 
duties of master and keeper of the jails and houses of 
correction. 

Treasurer, six-year term. 

Register of Probate and Insolvency, six-year term. He 
keeps the records of the Probate Court. 

Register of Deeds, six-year term. He records deeds, 
mortgages, and certain other documents. 

Every county has one or more Medical Examiners ap¬ 
pointed by the Governor and Council, who act as coroners 
and hold inquests on the bodies of persons supposed to 
have come to their death by violence. 

If the county business requires it, additional officers are 
appointed by the County Commissioners, such as Super¬ 
intendent of the Training School, Superintendent of 
Buildings, Engineer, etc. 


39 


LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN 
MASSACHUSETTS 

The whole area of Massachusetts is organized in town 
and city units—316 towns and 39 cities in 1923. As these 
units are created by, and receive all their powers from 
the Legislature, they are subject to change at any time 
by that body. They have a twofold character: they are 
the agencies through which the State does certain things, 
such as enforcing its laws and collecting its taxes; and 
they are governing bodies over local affairs. 

The city is a representative government; the voters 
delegate their powers to their elected officials. The town 
is a pure democracy; the voters legislate and decide town 
business at first hand in town meeting. A few towns have 
adopted a representative town meeting which is a com¬ 
bination of the two other forms. 

To become a city, a town must have at least 12,000 in¬ 
habitants, and must receive and vote to accept a charter 
from the Legislature setting forth its specific powers and 
frame of government. 

TOWNS 

Massachusetts towns vary in size from Mt. Washing¬ 
ton, in Berkshire County, with 73 inhabitants, to Brook¬ 
line with 37,748. It is therefore evident that some 
towns have little public business, while others must carry 
on all the activities of a city. All of them, however, 
have the town meeting and a Board of Selectmen as 
their common distinguishing features. All are required 
by law to do certain things,—such as care for their poor 
inhabitants, maintain schools, and supervise persons with 
dangerous communicable diseases,—and certain officials 
are necessary to carry out these tasks. As the town 
grows and undertakes other activities, the number of 
town officials is constantly added to. 

40 


The Town Meeting is the general assembly of voters, 
held annually in February, March or April,* usually in 
the town hall. It is called by a warrant issued by the 
Selectmen, stating the time, place and business to be 
transacted, and no other business may come before the 
meeting. Special town meetings may be called by the 
Selectmen at any time. 

In the ordinary form of town meeting any voter may 
take part. It is called to order by the Town Clerk, and at 
once elects a presiding officer, known as the Moderator. 
(He may be elected by ballot at the annual meeting for all 
meetings during the year.) The annual meeting hears the 
reports of the town officers; elects officers for the ensuing 
year; decides the town business; votes the taxes; and passes 
town by-laws, subject to approval by the Attorney-General. 
The election of officers mjay take place on a different day, 
within a week of the business meeting. 

A representative or limited town meeting has been 
adopted by eight towns which do not wish to have city 
government but have grown too large for the ordinary 
town meeting to be workable. The election of officers 
and action on referenda are by all the voters: other 
business is transacted in a town meeting in which the 
voting (though not the discussion) is limited to “town 
meeting members”. These are elected by the voters, 
with certain officials serving ex-offioiis. A referendum 
to the entire electorate may be demanded, in some places 
on any vote of the town meeting and elsewhere only upon 
expenditures above a stated sum. 

Town Officers— All except certain exempted persons 
must accept a town office if elected to it, but may not be 
compelled to serve in the same position two succeeding 
terms. 

* ^Norwood, Mansfield a ncJ MiddJeborough, third Monday of January. 

41 



Officers every town is required to elect by ballot 

(Except places having town managers) 


Office Number Term 


SELECTMEN 3 or 5 

1 year, or 
part elected 
annually for 
3 year terms. 

CLERK 1 

1 or more 
years 

TREASURER 1 

1 or 3 years 

HIGHWAY 1 or 

1 or 3 \ 


SURVEYOR more years 
or 

ROAD 1 or 1 year 

COMMISSIONER 3 3 years 

SCHOOL 3, 6, 9, 

COM. 12 or 15 3 years 


Duties 

Are the executive officers of 
the town. Have general over¬ 
sight of town property and 
business, as directed by town 
meeting. By vote of town 
may be the Assessors and 
Overseers of Poor; Water, 
Sewer, Light and Park Com¬ 
missioners, and , Board of 
Health. Must issue annual re¬ 
port. 

Keeps record of town, town 
meetings, and meetings of 
Selectmen, deeds, mortgages, 
vital statistics, etc. Issues 
marriage licenses. 

Receives and pays out all 
town money. May also act 
as Tax Collector. 


Has maintenance of tfye 
roads. 

Manages schools, prescribes 
courses, appoints superintend¬ 
ents and teachers. 


Officers elected or, by vote of town, appointed by 
Selectmen or duties assigned to others 


Office Number Term 
ASSESSORS 3 or 5 3 years 

part elected 
annually. 


Duties 

Assess State, county, and lo¬ 
cal taxes. Prepare annually 
list of polls. 


ASSISTANT 3 or 3 years 
ASSESSORS more 

AUDITOR 1 or 3 1 year 


In towns which require them. 

Audits town accounts. In¬ 
stead of electing an Auditor 
town may authorize Select¬ 
men to appoint a town Ac¬ 
countant. 


COLLECTOR 
OF TAXES 


1 or 1 or 3 years May be 
more official. 


Treasurer or other 


42 


Office Number Term 
CONSTABLE 1 or 1 year 
More 


BOARD OF 3 3 years 

HEALTH 

SEWER 1 or 1 year 

COMMISSIONER 3 3 years 


OVERSEERS 3 or 5 1 year, or 
OF POOR part elected 

annually 
for 3 years. 

TREE WARDEN 1 1 year 


Duties 

Enforces laws and arrests 
all offenders. Executes war¬ 
rants of Selectmen. Collects 
taxes if no other person is 
appointed to do so. 

Supervises health matters. 

In towns which require this 
officer. Road Commissioners 
or Selectmen may perform 
these duties. 

Care for needy of town. May 
be called “Board of Public 
Welfare.” 

Controls public shade trees. 


Towns also frequently have Finance Committees, Cem¬ 
etery Commissioners, Library Trustees, Fire and Police 
Chiefs, Park Commissioners, Hospital Trustees, and other 
officials, appointed by the Selectmen unless otherwise pro¬ 
vided. 

Special town manager charters have been secured by 
four towns, under which only the Selectmen and School 
Committee, and in some cases the Treasurer and a 
Finance Commission are elected. A few department heads 
are appointed by the Selectmen, and the rest of the town 
functions are vested in the Selectmen, the executive work 
being in charge of a Town Manager appointed by them. 


IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS 

A town meeting may authorize a village or district 
within itself, having not less than 1000 inhabitants, to 
organize under a given name as an improvement or a fire 
district for the purpose of providing street lights, libra¬ 
ries, sidewalks, police, or fire protection. Such a district 
is like a little town within the town. It elects a Clerk 
and a Prudential Committee and other officers if neces¬ 
sary, meets to conduct its business, and has power to 

43 


assess its inhabitants for the improvements voted by 
them. 

CITIES 

When a town grows much beyond 12,000 population 
the town meeting becomes too cumbersome for efficiency, 
and the town generally applies to the Legislature for 
incorporation as a city. 

Cities, unlike towns, vary in their form of government. 
All Massachusetts cities elect a Mayor, a Legislating 
Body, and a School Committee, and have certain other 
officials and departments. There are, however, extreme 
differences in the other features of the city government 
as laid down in the several charters. 

The School Committee is the most nearly uniform, for 
in all cities it has management of school affairs, including 
the appointment of teachers and the superintendent, and 
the control of the curriculuniu (A very few cities give the 
Mayor a veto over expenditures of the School Committee.) 
Usually no school site or plan may be accepted by the city 
without the approval of the School Committee. It varies 
in the number of members, their terms of office, and their 
election by ward or at large. Very often the Mayor is a 
member, commonly chairman. Its members are usually 
unpaid. 

TYPICAL CITY GOVERNMENTS 
There are four general types of city government in 

Massachusetts, in which city affairs, other than schools, 
are managed by: 

(1) A Mayor, and a City Council in two branches, named the Board 
of Aldermen and the Common Council. 

(2) A Mayor, and a City Council of but one body, named variously 
the City Council, Municipal Council, or Board of Aldermen. 

(3) A Commission, of which the Mayor is merely the presiding 
member. 

(4) A City Council, like plan 3, which appoints a City Manager. 

44 


The earlier city charters were of the first type, and 
generally provided for a large membership in the Council, 
elected by wards, and often for a number of other elec¬ 
tive officers, all chosen annually. The responsibility for 
appointments was much divided between the Mayor and 
Council. 

Of late years the tendency has been to have a Council 
of but one chamber and with fewer members, elected 
wholly or in part at large and for two-year terms, and 
to have all other officials appointed rather than elected, 
and all appointed in the same manner,—usually by the 
Mayor,—in order that responsibility may be easily fixed. 

Plans 3 and 4 are the most recent methods of city gov¬ 
ernment. In the former a council of five Commissioners 
decides the city policies and work, and each Commissioner 
takes complete executive charge of one of the five depart¬ 
ments into which all city affairs are divided. In the 
latter plan the Council is the same, but the executive work 
is vested in a single City Manager, appointed by the Coun¬ 
cil. This manager is meant to be a trained expert in city 
administration, and in order to afford the widest field for 
his selection, not necessarily a resident of the city. Thus 
the municipality has the same opportunity as the great 
business corporations to hire an expert executive. 

It should be understood that cities with the same gen¬ 
eral type of government may differ in many features. 
Recent charters often provide for the initiative and refer¬ 
endum, and for the recall of city officers. Newton has 
adopted preferential voting. Many modern charters 
attempt to eliminate political parties from city govern¬ 
ment by providing for nominations by petition or by non¬ 
partisan preliminary election, rather than by party cau¬ 
cuses. Proportional Representation, though not yet 
adopted by any Massachusetts city, is receiving serious 
consideration. 


45 


Almost all charters have certain provisions to eliminate 
graft, such as forbidding officials and employees to profit 
by city contracts, requiring competitive bids on contracts, 
etc. Students of citizenship should get a copy of their 
city charter from the City Clerk and study its provisions. 

DUTIES OF CITY OFFICIALS 

The Mayor (except under Commission and City Mana¬ 
ger plans) is the general executive head of the city. He 
appoints, and may usually remove, some or all of the 
heads of the executive departments, usually subject to 
confirmation by the Council or Aldermen. In all but a 
few cities he may veto within ten days measures passed 
by the Council, and the Council may pass the measure 
over his veto by a two-thirds vote. In all cities he must 
recommend the annual budget to the Council, which may 
not increase or add any item without his consent, and 
may only make other appropriations by a two-thirds 
vote. 

The City Council decides the business affairs of the city 
and has the power to pass ordinances. It usually ap¬ 
points some officials, and confirms the Mayor’s appoint¬ 
ments. Members are as a rule unpaid. 

The many other officers and departments common to 
all or most cities show how vast and complicated are the 
activities of the city, and at how many points they touch 
the welfare of the individual. Each department deserves 
careful study. City Clerk, in a very few instances is 
elected by the voters, elsewhere appointed by the Council. 
Keeps city records, and acts as Clerk of the Board of Aider- 
men. Treasurer, generally appointed by the Council. Collec¬ 
tor of Taxes, office sometimes held by the Treasurer. Is gen¬ 
erally appointed by the Council. Auditor, generally ap¬ 
pointed by the Council. Assessors, generally three. City 
Solicitor, to transact all legal business and advise city offi- 

46 


cials. Fire Department, Chief almost always appointed by 
Mayor. Chief of Police, almost always appointed by Mayor. 
Overseers of Poor. City Physician , gives medical care to 
city poor, prisoners, etc. Health Department. Street 
Department (sometimes also a separate department for 
street lighting). Water Department. Sewer Department. 
Public Buildings Department, cares for city buildings 
(schools sometimes excepted), and also issues building per¬ 
mits and inspects all private construction. Inspector of 
Wires, controls all electric wires and wiring, to prevent 
danger to persons and property. The five preceding offices 
are often grouped in various combinations, and the duties 
of all or some of them are often placed in a Department of 
Public Works. As part of this department or as a separate 
office there is often a City Engineer, to make and carry out 
the plans for engineering work needed by the city. Regis¬ 
trars of Voters (in Boston, Cambridge and Lowell, the 
Election Commissioners), are required by statute in all 
cities. Licensing Board. Sealers of Weights and Meas¬ 
ures. Other officers usually exist to manage various pub¬ 
lic institutions, such as the Library, Hospital, Cemetery, 
Park, and Playground Commissioners, as well as Trustees 
of Trust and Sinking Funds, City Messenger, City Plan¬ 
ning Board, Purchasing Agent, Fence Viewers, Field Driv¬ 
ers, and inspectors and weighers of a great number of 
commodities. 


47 


H 

Ed 

H 

H 

HH 

s 

s 

o 

o 

m 

o 

o 

M 

o 

C/3 


TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

TO 

Ph 

Ph 

Ph 

P- 

Ph 

Ph 

Ph 

Ph 

PL( 

Ph 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

O 

O 

O 

o 

O 

0) 

0) 

o 

O 

CD 


K*> 

>> 

>» 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>> 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CD 

Tf 

(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


siaquia ^ 

jo on 


U5 


Ph 

Ph 

Ph 

o 

o 

o 

>> 

• >> 

>> 

0 

0 

s 

0 

s 

s 

"d 

T3 

T3 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

cj 

05 

CO 

O 

tH 


05 


05 


05 


fa 

o 

>. 

3 


-O 

s 

rt 

CO 


co 

DO 2 

Ed S 

£ i 

P-H ® 

« a 

3 
◄ 


DO 

H 

H 

Ed 

DO 

& 

SC 

o 

>< 

DO 

DO 

< 

S 

&- 

c 

H 

fc 

Ed 

S 

fc 

as 

w 

> 

O 

O 

b. 

O 

Ed 

s 

Xfl 

os 

Efa 


on 


5 d 


9 

X 

aa 

ir 

JO 

T3 

3 

X 

® 


3 

9 

« 

E 


to 

c 

« 

la 

9 

9 

9 


O 

£ 

O 

o 


73 

03 

><pj 


fc 

O 

!hH 

HO 

hH M 

o* 

w 


pajoajg - 
MO H a 


to 

G 

0 


SUIJ0X £ 

<N 


sjaquiap^ 

}° *°N 


8 

Q 


CD 

bfi 


4 -> 

03 

CO 


Ph 

o3 

O 

>> 


05 


0) 

be 

h. 

r2 

40 

03 


TO 

Ph 

0 

O' 

>> 

CO 


05 


nd T) 

Ph »H 
o3 o3 
& * 

>» >» 
rQ^ 


to to 

Ph ^ 

03 0 
O' 0» 
►>> ^ 
(N <M 


t> r-< 
(M 


0) 

be 

pH 

03 

F ■ < 

4-5 

03 


TO 

Ph 

0 

0) 

>> 

<N 


IG> 


0> 

be 

Ph 

o3 




CD 

be 


-h> 

o3 


TJ g 

g 5 

03 g; 

<N ^ 


05 


"d 

0 

0 

<N 


Ph 

<S tc 

CD 3 


9 

bUT? 

fa (a 

tf rt 

« * 
rt >> 
-H.O 


U3 

fa la 

rt 3 

0) S 

>>>, 


IN, 


t a 00 


CJ 

0 

0) 


3 

9 _ 

g'S 


3 

9 

3 

9 

0 

O ^ 
0 • 

3 

3 

O 

U 

r-H 

0 

0 

Ph 

"0 

*5 

0 

rH 

2 O 

•n a 

• rH 

9 

3 

s 

9 

T3 

< 

s 

9 

T3 

3 9 

fa a 

9 3 

2 o 
<30 

auiB^i a. 

[5 

"s 

3 

**H 

o 

Ph 

0 

O 

m 

o 

O 

>» 

-M 

• rH 

o 

O o 

T3 g 

a s 

o o 

mo 

3 

O 

o 

>> 

J-5 

• rH 

o 

**a 

o 

T3 

1- 

rt 

O 

w 

Ua 

o 

T3 

fa 

3 

O 

CQ 

■3 § 

'H ^ 
S3 S 
o o 

mo 


05 3 

S aTT) 

2^3 

rt ^" 3 , 


TO 

Ph 

0 

o> 

>» 

<N 


t> 

(N 


0 

O 

s 

*d 


"d 

Ph 

0 

o 

n 


O' 

be 

Ph 

o3 


6 

0 

H 

Ph . 

O 0 

fa • 

9 a 

Ph 

o • 

Ph 

rti • 

£ O 

-s 

£ o 

4m 0 
*0 ° 

-S 0 

H ° 


St3 

9 t;) 


0) 

0 

(M 

3 a 
Hn 

3 3 

H (N 

H rH 

rH 4-5 

r 72 

H 1-H 


Ph ‘ 

O 0 

d3 o 

0) TJ 

H N 


(a 

9 ' 

-u 3 
*3 ° 

h +> 

r W 

EH rH 


O 

d 

H 

T3 

0 


Ph 

o> . 

4-5 £ 
« 4 -H T 
0 ® 

03^ 

0 

r , TO 

t" 1 tH 


1C 


TO 

Ph 

0 

O' 

>> 

<N 


9 

3 

3 

o 

O 


U 


TO 

Ph 

0 

TO 

Ph 

0 

W ^2 T3 

pH .rH 

0 be o> _4 

TO 

Ph 

0 

TO 

Ph 

0 

O' 

>» 

Ph 

TO 

Ph 

Ph 

TO 

Ph 

TO 

Ph 

0> 

0) 

0>Z3 0) 0 
>1 9 9 C 

„ a 3 9 

0> 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

>» 

>» 

>» 

0) 

>> 

O 

O 

0) 

>> 

o 

>> 

(M 

(M 

H* |_c C0 +J 

(M 

(M 

tH 

<M 

tH 

(M 



9 • 

9^ 

H 1 


&! 


u 






9 






9 

fa 

9 

X) 

_9 


3 

9 

3 

9 

S 

bn 

TS 

Ph 

X 

0 

Q 

TO 

9 

9 

a 

9 

-M 

■H 

9 

U 

o 

> 

• rH 

OS 

C5t 

la 

9 

X 

aa 

a 

<? 

>* 

o 

02 

on 

9 

m 

9 

la 

m 

E 

it 

o 

. "o 

rC 

9 

X 

V 

fa 

9 

> 

K 

”5 

ba 

X 

9 

• rH 

Etc 


48 





00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

co 

00 

CO 

CO 

CO 

w 

00 

CO 

CO 

w> 

M 

t-4 

?4, 

M 


Sh 



S~| 

u 

u* 


>-• 

u 


Ih 

ccS 

cd 

a! 

cd 

c$ 

c3 

cC 

d 

ccS 

ccS 

C3 

CCS 

CCS 

CCS 

cC 

ccS 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

>> 

>> 

>> 



>> 



>» 


>» 

>> 


>> 


>> 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



TfC 

Ttc 

CO 

CO 

CO 


0 ^ 

fH 



Ih 


o 

O 

o 


o 

O 

>» 

>» 

>» 


r*> 


ccS 

ccS 

ccS 


ccS 

ccS 

§ 

§ 

§ 


a 

a 

T3 

T3 

T3 


H3 

T3 

c 

d 

d 


d 

d 

ccS 

CCS 

d 


ccS 

d 

CD 



a* 


CD 


© 

be 

*-4 

* 

4-5 

cS 

CD 


co 

u* 

cZ 

© 

>> 

CO 


0) 

be 

u 

cz 


cZ 


cZ 

© 

>> 


lO 


© 

bfl 

Sh 

i2 

44> 

C$ 


CO 

Um 

cZ 

© 

>> 

CO 


1C 


CD 

bO 

V- 

iS 

4-5 

cZ 




tH 

O 

>i 

vZ 


T3 

d 

c<5 

CD 


ID 


O 

>> 

qZ 


d 

cS 

CD 


CO 


© 

© 

bo 

H 

© 

be 

n 

© 

be 

t ■ 

© 

be 

bfi 

2 

ccS 

2 

ccS eS 
^ & 
£>> ^ 

ccS 

u* 





ccS 

44) 

44> 

ccS 

4-5 

eS 

4-5 

<ri 

44> 

ccS 

cZ 


CD 




CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


CO 

M 

*-< 

M 



>-« 

CO C« 

eS 

CCS 

CCS 

eS ccS 

ccS 

t-, 0) 

© 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

CCS >j 
© 

>» 

>> 

>> 


>» 

>> CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

rH rH 

CO 

4-4- 

uo 

o> 

ID 


tH rH 

rH 



rH 

rH 

CO 

rH 


f- 

o 

>> 

cS 


T3 

d 

cC 


O* 


_ tn d & 

I Off'S s 

K'd 4-5 © 

<« In y bfl4-5 
cS © M oS 
3d > rd d 
eS > Q^ h* t> 


>-* 
O 
>> 
ccS 


T3 

d 

cZ 

CD 

© 

be 

co d 

a -a 

ccS d 

£ 


O 

Jh . 


O 

>» 

cC 


tj 

d 

d 

CD 


CD 

be 

ccS 


TJ b 

^ © g 
6S * 

" ® >5 

01 ,-Q ^ 


4-> 

ccS 


O 

>» 

cZ 


S § 


T3 

S3 

cS 


s 


co 


CO 

T) 4-5 
*■« C$ 

03 rr-4 

► T3 

‘ <D 

44) 

© 

o* „, 
* ® &- 




cC 


W 

CO 

c/3 

c n 

CO 

rH 

M 



H 

I-l 

CO 

cS 

ccS 

ccS 

ccS 

ccS 

h3 ^ 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

d ? 

>» 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>) 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


CO 


CO 


CD 


Tt< 

CO 


CO 


CO 

s-< 

d 

<D 

>> 

CO 


CO 


© 

S3 

d 

o 

O 

>> 

4-5 

• M 

o 


© 

S3 

d 

o 

O 

13 

CD 


S3 

d 


© 

d 

d 

o 

O 

13 

a 

• pH 

© 

• P-4 

S3 

d 


T3 

oS 

O 

m 


© 

d 

d 

o 

O 

>» 

44* 


© 

d 

d 

o 

O 

>» 

44> 


© 

d 

d 

o 

O 

>5 

-M 


© 

d 

d 

o 

U 

>> 

44> 


u o o o 



© 

s 

© 

g 

© 

s 

•—4 

• pH 
© 




fcl 

d 


© 

© 

© 



T3 


T3 

o 

*—4 

a 


a 

O 

• pH 
© 
d 

«4-4 

U-t 


d 

d 

o 

O 

o 

o 

o 

TJ 

1_ 

T3 

"d 

H 

S 

O 

ccS 

ccS 

ccS 

d 

>> 

O 

O 

O 

O 

44) 

• pH 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

O 

,o 


d 

CD 


*-< 

0) 

TJ 


Td 

ceJ 

O 

W 


CD 

d 

d 

o 

O 

>» 

4-5 

• P-4 

o 


DO 

cS 

<D 

>» 

CO 


00 CO 

.2^ .2*i * 

G> 6 £ b 

IS |S | 

O O rH 


CO 

CO 


g£ 

O O 

uo 


CO 

CCS 

<D 

>> 

CO 


CQ 

CO 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Ih 

M 



u 

u 

>- 


t-l 

M 

CCS 

eS 

cS 

cS 

cS 

ccS 

cS 

c<3 

cS 

cS 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>> 


>> 

>i 

>> 



CO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


. Sh *-< 

5jt • © • © j . 

O rj 42 d 4-5 d * 

4J o ■ts o *t: o 2 

s “s “S H 

2+J % 3-W 4J 

d CO P. CO 2 M w 

fcHrH hH Hh rH 


© 

d 

H 

© ^ 
44> d 

•d O 

© 

d 

H 

© 

d 

H 

© 

d 

H 

© 

d 

© 

d 

Eh 

© 

d 

Eh 

© 

d 

Eh 

© d 

44> O 

-a 

© 

d 

Eh 

© 

d 

Eh 

nd 

C 


T3 

d 

*d 

d 

TS 

d 

44> 

CO 

T3 

d 

d 

4-5 

CO 

© h3 

^ a 

Td 

d 

T3 

d 

CO 

r 

H rH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

CO 

rH 

Eh CO 

CO 

CO 


U 


u 

d) 

C» w 


u 

© 

fi 

T3 

1 

■w 

(A 

© 

© 

d 

a 

•pH 

43 

In 

© 

© 

© 

© 

d 

© 

u 

£ 

GO 

c 

E 

© 

2 

■■ 

OS 

o 

OS 

"© 

£ 

© 

© 

C3 

3 

54 

a? 





d 

c 


c 

0) 

2 

2 

s 


bfi 

3 

O 

u 

© 

£ 

s 

S 


T3 

u. 

© 


49 


© 

00 

© 

14, 

*© 


'O 

u 

'd 

© 

CQ 

© 

55 


t: 

© 

a 

u 

d 

* 

© 

?5 


d 

© 

© 

2? 


CO 

s 

ci 

TJ 

◄ 


© 




FRAME OF GOVERNMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS CITIES—Concluded 


srajej, 


H 

H 

H 

H 

t-l 

s 

s 

o 

u 

o 

o 

a 

o 

cn 


» 

t, 

Cd 

OS 

>» 

eo 


m 

03 

03 

80 

Fx 

Fx 

Fx 

Fx 

2$ 

ccj 

3 

«! 

03 

03 

03 

03 

>> 

>> 

>> 

>» 

CO 

CO 

CO 

tP 


m 

03 

03 

Fx 

Fx 

Fx 

CU 


cO 

03 

03 

03 

>F 

>> 

£>» 

CO 

(M 

CO 


00 

0! 

01 

03 

Fx 

Fx 

Fx 

Fx 

c« 

cJ 

cO 

CO 

03 

03 

03 

03 

>> 


>» 

>> 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



u 

»-> 

o 

Fx 

Fx 


O 

O 

>% 

o 

O 


>» 

rt 

>» 

cd 

aJ 

§ 

>» 

CO 

>» 

cO 

saaquiaj^j 

§ 

S 

rrX 

s 

s 

jo on 

T3 


X3 

C 

T3 



C 

ti 

CO 

e 

f3 


cl 

cO 


c« 

cO 


O' 

CO 

rH 

cr> 

CO 


Fx 

o 

>> 

a 

s 

o 

CO O 

s i s 

T3.^ g 

Fx 

o 

>> 

c3 

S 

Fx 

O 

>> 

03 

S 

Li 

o 

>> 

cd 

s 

Fx 

O 

>> 

c3 

S 

Fx 

o 

s 

•3 

3 

rt 

3 H m 
as . a) 
T3 -rj 
H< fl-- 

T3 

3 

cd 

T3 

3 

cd 

nd 

a 

05 

"d 

cO 

T3 

3 

cd 

CD 

x as <3 

as 

as 

co 

CO 

as 


O 

£ 

P 

O 

o 


pa^aaia 

m° H 


SUU9J, 


sjaquia jy 

J° ON 


'S’2 

i t 

>% ^ 


03 

be 

f-h 

efi 

+J 

od 

krt 


m 


►< *3 
cd ™ cd 
0 ) ® as 
>»>»>> 
i-l’H <N 


t- *H 
<N 


auiB^i 


OS 

T3t 3 &» 
rt rt « 

>>>» rt 

hQ J2 CO 


03 CQ 

F- F- Fx 

o3 oJ o$ 

03 a> a» 

>»>» >> 

HN CM 


t>rP 03 


a> 

bo 

Fx 

4-i 

a 


03 

Fn 

cS 

>» 

CM 


a* 



0) 

be 

Fx 

as 


io 


aS 

0) 

>> 

CM 


o 

£ 

3 

o 

U 


O 


s . 

O CO 

>- -a 

L 

aS 
cd £ 


03 

Fx 

aS 

a; 

>» 


03 

a -m 
«3 « 

& T3 
03 


"0 
03 

■P 33 C -p 
C3 be « 03 
03 Fx “ " 
OS 


O 


T3 

Fx 

aS 

0) > 

be ^ 


CM 


CM 


£ 

03 

S 

Fx 

03 

T3 


T3 

Fx 

aj 

O 

ffl 


03 

Fx 

aS 

03 

>> 

CM 


00 


03 

be 

Fx 

aj 


03 


03 
CO 

£ >> 


aJ 

03 


CM 


00 


CM 


03 



03 

be 


cO 


03 

Fx 

aS 

03 

>> 

CM 


03 

be 

Fx 

iS 

4-> 

aJ 

CO 


03 

Fx 

aS 

03 

>» 

CM 


03 

be 

Fx 

js 

Cl 

00 


Fx 

OS 

03 

>> 


kO 


C3 O 03 

g CJ g 

G G 2 

O o o 

o o o 

^ s>» ^ 

+» -*J +> 

Coo 


M 

tf 

P 


Fx 

03 

Fx 

Fx 

09 

Fx 

» 

Fx 

03 

Fx 

OQ 

Fx 

03 

Fx 

00 

c$ 

03 

>» 

3 

>» 

8 

8 

03 

03 

>» 

CO 

03 

>» 

Cj 

03 

>> 

cO 

03 

>> 

Fx 

a 

03 

r*i 

(M 

rH 


CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 


03 

Fh 

aS 

03 

>» 

CM 


03 

Fx 

aS 

03 

>» 

CM 


cl 

03 

>> 


55 

t*2 

HO 

OH 

H 

H 


as 


ai 

3 

H 


h . 

-2 « 

4- o 

Eh 1-1 


<D 

3 

E- 


® • 

-u 3 0) 

*3 0 3 

^ Eh 

2*, T3 

<g 


® . 

£ a 2 


CO k 


•a ° 

r 

Hh 


Fx 

2 d ai 

*3 O _3 


Fx Fx . 

® w 03 * 

,-p C -u C 

o **3 O O 

> 

K r M 

nn Hh 


03 r-. 

Hh cm 


►« 

Ex 

HX 

o 


c 


a 







Q. 







S 

cd 

>> 

•o 

2 

"3 

>% 

V 




a 

J 5 

CG 

01 

v 

3 

h 

as 

E 

as 

Fx 

o 

sc 

X 

4 > 

F. 

-w 

-*x 

£ 

• •X 

3 

a. 

> 

as 

ftS 

as 

« 

OQ 

E 

o 

CO 


50 


TJ 



Worcester 2nd Tue. 1 year | Board of Aldermen 11 1 year 1 at large 11 2 years 

{ Common Council 30 2 years by ward 




THE CITY OF BOSTON 

A DETAILED STUDY OF ITS CHARTER AND ADMINISTRATION. * 

The general government of the city is vested in a 
Mayor and City Council, and control of school affairs in 
a School Committee. These are the only elected officials. 

The Mayor is elected for 4 years, and is not eligible 
for the succeeding term. He receives a salary of $10,- 
000 a year. 

He appoints all department heads and board members 

(except those appointed by the Governorf and the City 
Clerk), subject only to certification of their fitness by the 
State Division of Civil Service. He may remove any of his 
appointees. 

He presents the annual budget for city and county 
expenses, within thirty days after Feb. 1, and no appro¬ 
priations may originate with the Council (except ones to 
be met by bond issues). The Council may reduce or reject 
any budget item?, but may not increase or add any item 
without the Mayor’s approval. The Mayor may submit 
supplementary budgets. The amounts annually appropri¬ 
ated by the City Council are now in the neighborhood of 
thirty-five million dollars. 

He may veto any measure passed by the Council,—- 

other than one relating to its internal affairs,—by re¬ 
turning it with his objections within 15 days, and no 
measure can be passed over the Mayor’s veto. If the 
measure involves the expenditure of money he may dis¬ 
approve items or parts of items. 

He may introduce, in the Council ordinances or loan 
orders. 

All building contracts and takings of land are subject 
to his approval. 

*The Legislature of 1923 created a special commission to study the revision of the Boston charter. 
tThe Police Commissioner, members of the Finance Commission and the Licensing Board, and the Pilot 
Commissioners. 1 



BOSTON CIT 



SINKING 

FUNDS 


PRINTING 


REGISTRY 


o 

_ _ CHILP 

^VWCLFARIW 

f\ ~ / 

STATISTICS (IF 




















OVERNMENT 


RATE 


l 

SCHOOL 

COMMITTEE 

5 MEMBERS 

)-YEARTERMS 

1 OR 2 

ELECTED ANNUALLY 


CONTROLS ALL SCHOOL NATTERS 
BUDGET EXCEPT SCHOOLHOUSES. 

CREASED BY COUNCIL APPOINTS SUP’T, I TEACHERS,ETC. 

SCHOOLS SUPPORTED DY SPECIAL 
TAX FIXED feYLEGDLXTURE. 


3R 

rERN 

LE FOR 
-TERM 


MAYOR MAE VETO ONLY APPROPRIATIONS 


SCHOOL COMMITTEE MAY PASS OVER VETO 
BY VOTE. 




GOVERNOR 

AND 

GOVERNOR'S 

COUNCIL 


APPOINTED 


BY GOVERNOR 

AND 


GOVERNORS 


COUNCIL. 


EXPENSES 


PAID BY CITY. 


ITNEM BY STATE. CIVIL SERVICE. DIVISION) AND M/W REMOVE AT WILL 







53 















A vacancy in the mayoralty is filled for the unexpired 
term by a special election if the vacancy occurs within 
four months after any election, or within two months 
prior to a regular election other than for Mayor. If the 
vacancy occurs at any other time, a Mayor is chosen for 
the full four-year term at the next regular election. Dur¬ 
ing a vacancy the President of the Council becomes “Act¬ 
ing Mayor” or, failing him, a member chosen by the 
Council or, pending such choice, the City Clerk. The 
Acting Mayor has powers only in matters not admitting 
of delay, and may make permanent appointments only upon 
the decease of the Mayor. 

THE CITY COUNCIL consists of 9 members, three elected 
at large each year, for 3-year terms. Each receives 
$1500 annually. The Council chooses one member as 
its President. 

Subject to the Mayor’s veto, the Council directs the 
business and legislates for the city. This includes the 
power to abolish, establish or reorganize the executive de¬ 
partments (save that certain ones created by law may 
not be abolished or curtailed) and to fix the salaries of 
their officers. The Council, however, is forbidden to 
interfere in the conduct of these executive departments, 
nor may any Councillor take part in awarding employ¬ 
ment, contracts, purchases, etc. The really important 
function of the Council is to pass upon city expenditures. 

The Mayor and Council, after public hearing, may 
make contracts extending more than one year solely for 
the two purposes of street lighting and the handling of 
refuse. 

The Council appoints for a 3-year term the City Clerk, 
who is also its Clerk. 

According to the rules adopted by the 1923-1924 
Council it meets every Monday afternoon in City Hall. 
Spectators are admitted to the gallery. There are four- 

54 


teen standing committees, to which every pertinent sub¬ 
ject is referred for examination and report before being 
voted upon. 

THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE consists of 5 members, one 

or two elected at large each year for 3-year terms. They 
receive no salary. The committee holds regular meet¬ 
ings, open to the public, at School Committee headquar¬ 
ters, 15 Beacon Street, on the first and third Monday 
evenings of each month except July and August. 

The School Committee has independent jurisdiction 
over all school matters, except school buildings and 
grounds, which are under the Schoolhouse Department. 
It has the right to make appropriations equal to a certain 
percentage, fixed by the Legislature, of the city’s assessed 
valuation. The Mayor may veto these appropriations, 
but the School Committee may override his veto by a 
four-fifths vote. The Mayor has no voice in any other 
action of the Committee, nor has the Council any authority 
over it whatsoever. It chooses for a 6-year term a Super¬ 
intendent of Schools, whose salary is the same as the 
Mayor’s, $10,000. It also appoints five Assistant Super¬ 
intendents. In 1922-1923 the total number of pupils in 
Boston schools was 159,884; the number of teachers, 3,599; 
and the school appropriation, $16,271,515.51. 

The department conducts not only the regular school 
instruction, but carries on, in addition, the following 
branches of work: 

28 attendance officers to enforce the truancy law. 

49 physicians as medical inspectors and 51 nurses. 

Physical training, athletics, sports and games, and pro¬ 
vides the necessary apparatus and facilities. 

Employment certificates and minor’s licenses. 

State-aided continuation school for employed children 
between fourteen and sixteen years old, 

Day continuation schools. , — 

55 


Manual training. 

Prevocational centers, which give occupational training 
in many lines, including bookbinding, printing, machine 
shop work, painting, dressmaking and millinery. 

Home and school gardening. 

Household science, with 67 school kitchens. 

Evening schools,—8 high and 25 elementary. 

Day schools for immigrants, for the teaching of Eng¬ 
lish. 

12 School centers. 

The Finance Commission consists of 5 members, one 
appointed annually for a 5-year term by the Governor, 
confirmed by the Governor’s Council. They may be re¬ 
moved for cause by the Governor and Council. The 
chairman, designated by the Governor, receives a salary 
of $5,000; other members serve without pay. The Com¬ 
mission investigates appropriations, loans, expenditures, 
accounts, and methods of administration of the city and 
county. 

A City Auditor, who is also County Auditor, and 
Street Commissioners in charge of the Street Laying-out 
Department, are provided for in the charter. Other 
than the lighting and refuse contracts no official, except 
in an extreme emergency, may expend sums, or involve 
the city in a contract, in excess of the appropriation 
made for that fiscal year. 

All officers and employees of the city or county are 
forbidden to have a part in any contract with the city or 
to receive any commission, benefit, etc., except under 
certain specified safeguards. 

All building must be done under contracts, which 
must be approved by the Mayor. Contracts for work or 
materials amounting to $1000 must be advertised for 
competitive bids, unless the Mayor authorizes otherwise, 

56 


The municipal year begins on the first Monday in Feb¬ 
ruary. 

The city election is held annually on the Tuesday 
after the second Monday in December. No primaries 
or caucuses are held: all nominations are by petitions. 
Three thousand signatures are required to nominate the 
Mayor; 2000 for the Council or School Committee. No 
party designations, or statements of the candidates’ 
views may appear on the ballot. 

Boston has 26 wards, and 274 precincts. 

THE CITY DEPARTMENTS. 

The Art Department controls all works of art owned 
by the city. None may be acquired by the city without 
its approval. It may pass upon the design of new build¬ 
ings and accessories. 

The Assessing Department makes the valuation of prop¬ 
erty and determines the tax bills. 

The Auditing Department inspects city and county 
accounts and approves all claims for payment. 

The Board of Appeal hears appeals of persons refused 
any permit or ordered to incur any expense by the Building 
Department. 

The Boston and Cambridge Bridge Commission sup¬ 
ports, manages, and repairs all bridges over navigable 
waters between the two cities. The Boston member is 
the Commissioner of Public Works. 

The Budget Department prepares the annual budget 

The Boston Sanitorium Department manages the hos¬ 
pital for consumptives at Mattapan and the Out-Patient 
Department in the North End. 

The Building Department approves plans, issues the 
various building permits, and inspects the work ; licenses 

57 


builders and gasfitters; inspects elevators, tenements, 
theatres and motion-picture houses at least monthly, and 
all places for public assembly semi-annually. 

The City Clerk Department (see page 54) keeps the 
records of the city and the City Council. 

The City Planning Department makes plans for the 
development of the city, with special reference to proper 
housing. One member must be a woman. 

The Collecting Department collects all taxes and other 
money due the city or county. 

The Conservation Bureau makes recommendations for 
the conservation of life and health. 

The Election Department manages all matters pertain¬ 
ing to elections, and makes up the jury lists. 

The Finance Commission (see page 56). 

The Fire Department. The city is divided into fifteen 
fire districts, with sixty-two fire stations, 1,340 men, 1,250 
signal boxes, two high-pressure pumping stations, a re¬ 
pair shop, a signal station, and a veterinary hospital. In 
1922 there were 6,457 alarms, involving a loss of $3,318,- 
932. 

The Department also has the supervision and inspec¬ 
tion of all electrical wires, cables, and conductors. 

The Health Department has the following six Divi¬ 
sions : 

(1) Medical, to control and care for communicable dis¬ 
eases. 

(2) Child Hygiene. 

(3) Sanitary Inspection, which inspects tenements, halls, 
theatres, lodging houses, dumps, stables and hen 
yards, manicure and massage parlors, lying-in hos¬ 
pitals, street cars, and gas fixtures; and seeks to im¬ 
prove housing conditions. 


58 


(4) Food Inspection, which inspects bakeries, markets, 
stores, fish piers, restaurants, the abattoir, dairies 
and milk handling, oleomargarine, vinegar, and ped- 
lers’ carts. 

(5) Laboratory, to make bacteriological examinations 
and do research work. 

(6) Vital Statistics, Records, and Accounts. 

The Hospital Department has charge of the City Hos¬ 
pital, the South Department for infectious diseases, the 
Convalescent Home at Dorchester, the Haymarket Relief 
Station, and the East Boston Relief Station. 

The Institutions Department takes care of the city’s 
paupers, delinquents, and the neglected and dependent 
children committed to it by the courts. In doing this it 
maintains the Boston Almshouse and Hospital on Long 
Island, and the House of Correction on Deer Island. Its 
child wards are boarded or indentured in country families, 
under a placing-out system. The Department also in¬ 
vestigates individual cases and collects statistics. 

The Law Department is in charge of the Corporation 
Counsel. It is the legal adviser of the city officials; may 
appear for the city before the General Court; drafts 
contracts; examines titles of real estate which the city 
is to acquire; and institutes and defends suits in which 
the city or its officers is a party. 

The Library Department maintains the Central Library 
in Copley Square, 31 Branch Libraries, and delivers books 
to 333 schools, institutions, and fire-houses. In 1923, 
the library had 1,284,094 volumes, and there were 113,- 
883 card holders; 2,768,984 books were issued in 1922-23. 
The Department also conducts lectures, story telling for 
children, and information service, and maintains special 
libraries and cpllgcfciojijs. 


The Licensing Board consists of three members, ap¬ 
pointed by the Governor with the consent of his Council. 
It issues druggists’ licenses; liquor licenses; licenses to 
innholders and common victualers; for the sale of soft 
drinks and the Sunday sale of ice cream, fruit, soda water, 
and confectionery; for picnic groves, skating rinks, in¬ 
telligence offices, lodging houses, billiard and pool tables, 
and bowling alleys; and for the selling or leasing of fire¬ 
arms. 

The Managers of the Franklin Foundation have charge 
of the Franklin Union and the Franklin Fund. Benja¬ 
min Franklin left 1000 pounds to the city, to accumulate 
interest for 100 years, when the managers were to “lay 
out at their discretion 100,000 pounds in Public Works 
which may be judged of most general utility to the In¬ 
habitants.” The remainder of the accumulated fund 
was to go on interest for another century, to be then 
divided between the State and city. The Franklin 
Union Building was built out of the money available at 
the end of the first century, and is maintained as a trade 
school out of the income of a fund given by Carnegie. 
The accumulating fund, which will become available in 
1991, amounted, on Jan. 31st, 1923, to $337,728. 

The Market Department has charge of the Faneuil 
Hall and Quincy Markets, which yield the city annual net 
rentals of about $15,000 and $95,000 respectively. 

The Overseeing of the Public Welfare Department ad¬ 
ministers city relief; is trustee of many charitable funds; 
has charge of the Wayfarers’ Lodge on Hawkins Street, 
which gives free lodging to homeless unemployed men 
and furnishes meals in return for work in its woodyard; 
maintains the Temporary Home on Chardon Street for 
destitute women and children; and administers the 
Mothers’ Pension Law. A total of 12,212 gases were 
$ided iii 1922-?3. 


§0 


The Park Department maintains the city parks, public 
squares, cemeteries, playgrounds, beaches, baths, and 
gymnasiums, including the zoo in Franklin Park and the. 
aquarium in Marine Park; has the care of all street 
trees; and is in charge of the municipal concerts. Bos¬ 
ton had the first indoor municipal gymnasium and the 
first municipal bath in the United States. Her parks 
and playgrounds have cost over $22,000,000, exclusive 
of maintenance. The George F. Parkman bequest of 
over $5,000,000 yields an income amounting to more 
than $200,000 annually for the maintenance and im¬ 
provement of the Common and certain parks. 

The Penal Institutions Department has charge of, and 
purchases all supplies for the House of Correction on Deer 
Island. 

The Pilot Commissioners are appointed by the Gov¬ 
ernor and Council. They grant commissions to pilots for 
Boston Harbor and enforce the pilotage laws. 

The Police Department. The ComJmissioner is appointed 
by the Governor and Council for a term of 5 years. The 
city is divided into nineteen police districts, each with a 
station-house, a captain, and a force of men. The Commis¬ 
sioner appoints a Harbor Master and assistants who 
have charge of the police steamer “Guardian” and three 
launches. The force numbers 1,969 men. 77,653 ar¬ 
rests were made in 1921-22. In addition to its regular 
police work, including traffic regulation, the Department 
has the granting of various licenses, and the annual listing 
of resident men and women. 

The Printing Department does all printing and binding 
for the Municipal Departments, and supplies them with 
stamps and stationery. The city has its own printing 
plant, with an annual output to the value of about $340,-; 

poo ? 


{51 


The Public Buildings Department has the care of all 
buildings belonging to, or hired by the city or county 
and not wholly in charge of one department. It also has 
charge of the four city scales, and of the Grounds for 
Target Practice in Woburn and Wilmington. 

The Public Works Department is in four Divisions: 

(1) The Bridge and Ferry Division has the construc¬ 
tion, care, and management of all bridges used as high¬ 
ways, and of the two East Boston ferries owned and 
operated by the city. 

(2) The Highway Division has the construction, main¬ 
tenance, and lighting of all public streets (2,410 in num¬ 
ber) ; the granting of permits to dig up or use portions 
of streets; the numbering of buildings; and the placing 
of street signs. 

(3) The Sewer and Sanitary Division cleans and oils 
streets, removes house offal and refuse, and constructs 
and maintains the sewers. The city is divided into 
eleven sanitary districts, and in 1922 there were collected 
404,765 tons of ashes, 68,074 tons of garbage, and 7,065 
tons of rubbish. 

(4) The Water Division has the care and maintenance 
of all pipes and fixtures for water supply, including 
meters and the high-pressure fire service; and the assess¬ 
ing of water rates. The water comes from the State 
metropolitan supply, of which Boston takes about 72%,— 
a daily average of 85,871,000 gallons, or 103 gallons per 
capita. 

The Registry Department keeps records of births, 
deaths, and marriages; issues marriage licenses; and pub¬ 
lishes documents relating to the early history of the city. 

The Schoolhouse Department controls the location, de¬ 
sign, construction, alteration, repair and furnishing of 
gchpol buildings, and the preparation of school yards; 


and sees that existing buildings have proper ventilation, 
sanitary conditions, and fire protection. 

The Sinking Funds Department has the care of all 
sinking funds established to meet loans when due. 

The Soldiers’ Relief Department distributes State and 
city aid to soldiers in Boston. 

The Statistics Department collects and publishes sta¬ 
tistics of this and other cities, and publishes the annual 
Municipal Register, the weekly paper of municipal news 
known as the City Record, and the annual document of 
the Council entitled “Organization of the City Govern¬ 
ment of Boston”. 

The Street Laying-Out Department lays out, alters or 
discontinues highways; orders street repairs; levies bet¬ 
terment assessments and awards damages; licenses street 
stands for the sale of merchandise; issues permits for 
the erection of garages; lays down the traffic rules en¬ 
forced by the police; with the Mayor’s approval controls 
the construction of sewers, street names, the planting 
and removal of street trees, permits for coasting, for the 
storage of inflammables and explosives, and for the spe¬ 
cial use or obstruction of the streets. 

At the request of any department, approved by the 
Mayor, it may take any land within the city for municipal 
purposes, subject to certain provisions as to cost, etc., to 
eliminate graft. 

The Supply Department furnishes all materials, ap¬ 
paratus, and other supplies except furniture and station¬ 
ery to the Public Works Department, and others upon 
requisition. 

The Transit Department. A Transit Commission was 
created in 1894 to construct all the subways and tunnels 
in Boston. In 1918 its uncompleted work was taken 
over by the city as one of its departments. 

63 


The Treasury Department receives and pays out all 
money. The City Treasurer is also treasurer for Suffolk 
County and for the Sinking Funds Department. 

The Vessels and Ballast Department weighs stone, 
sand, gravel and ballast in vessels. 

The Weights and Measures Department seals the 
scales, weights, and measures used by merchants, accord¬ 
ing to standards supplied by the Commonwealth and de¬ 
termined by the United States. 

Constables and Various Weighers, Measurers, and 
Inspectors are appointed for terms of one year by the 
Mayor, confirmed by the Council, and are paid by the 
fees which they receive. They supervise the Public 
Scales; Beef; Boilers and Heavy Machinery; Coal; 
Goods; Grain; Hay and Straw; Lime; Liquid Measures; 
Petroleum; Upper Leather; Wood and Bark; Vessels 
and Ballast. 

The George R. White Fund of over $5,000,000 was 
bequeathed for “works of public utility and beauty” not 
religious, political or educational nor those which the 
city should provide in the ordinary course of events. Con¬ 
trol of the fund is vested in the Mayor, President of the 
City Council, City Auditor, President of the Chamber 
of Commerce and President of the Boston Bar Associa¬ 
tion. The first work undertaken is a system of health 
centers. 



SEAL OF THE CITY OF BOSTON 


64 


POLITICAL PARTIES 

history of the political parties. 

The election of Washington in 1789 was unanimous, 
but in 1792 there was a division of political opinion re¬ 
sulting in the organizing of two parties,—the Federalist 
and the Democrat-Republican. The Federalists re¬ 
elected Washington and in 1796 elected his successor, 
John Adams. In 1800 the Democrat-Republicans took 
the name of Republicans, and Jelferson, their candidate, 
became President. This party remained in power until 
1840 when the Whigs elected W. H. Harrison. The next 
term the Democrats (the Republicans had changed to 
this name in 1828) again elected a President. The Whigs 
were back in power for the term beginning 1848. With 
Pierce's election in 1852 the Democrats were in the as¬ 
cendancy until the election in 1860 of Abraham Lincoln, 
who represented the new Republican Party. Until 
1884 the Republicans continued to elect candidates, but 
in 1884 Cleveland became the standard bearer for the 
Democratic party. A Republican, Benjamin Harrison, 
succeeded in 1888, but he was followed by the re-election 
of Cleveland in 1892 by Democrats. At the close of his 
term the Republicans elected successively McKinley, 
Roosevelt, and Taft, until 1912, when again the Demo¬ 
crats came into power with Wilson, who was re-elected 
in 1916. The Republicans returned into control in 1920 
with Harding. 

The existing political parties have in successive cam¬ 
paigns absorbed many of the principles upon which from 
time to time minor parties have come into existence. 

(See Political Party Chart) 


65 


POLITICAL PARTY CHART 




1789 

Washington 


Democrat-Republican — 

| 

— Federalist 





1792 

1796 

Federalist 

ft 

Washington 

Adams 

jenerbuii 

u 

Madison 

it 

Republican 

tt 

it 

1800 

1804 

1808 




Monroe 

it 

a 

1812 

1816 




it 

it 

1820 




J. Q. Adams 

it 

1824 




Jackson 

it 

Democrat 

1828 

1832 




Van Buren 

tt 

1836 






1840 

Whig 

| Harrison 

(Tyler) * 

Polk 

| Democrat 

1844 






1848 

Whig 1 

| Taylor 

(Fillmore)* 

Pierce 

Buchanan 

Democrat 

tt 

1852 

1856 




• 


18^0 

1864 

1868 

1872 

1876 

1880 

Republican 

it 

it 

ii 

it 

it 

Lincoln 

ii 

Grant 

it 

Hayes 

Garfield 

(Johnson)* 

(Arthur) * 

Cleveland 

| Democrat 

1884 






1888 

Republican j 

| Harrison 


Cleveland 

[ Democrat 

1892 





' 

1896 

1900 

Republican 

it 

McKinley 

ii 

(Roosevelt) 



1904 

1908 

tt 

U 

Roosevelt 

Taft 


Wilson 

it 

Democrat 

it 

1912 

1916 






1920 

Republican 

1 Harding 

(Coolidge) 1 


♦Filled unexpired term on death of President. 


66 





















PRINCIPLES OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES. 

THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 

The basic principles are: 

1st. That the United States consists of an aggrega¬ 
tion of States which may circumscribe the power of the 
Federal Government to the limitations prescribed in the 
Federal Constitution. This interpretation preserves to 
the several States a measure of self-government popu¬ 
larly known as States' Rights. 

2nd. A low tariff on imported commodities with the 
sole object of providing revenue for the running expen¬ 
ses of the government. 

It is the organization which places the people first. 

United States Senator David I. Walsh sends this state¬ 
ment relative to the Democratic Party: 

“The Democratic Party insists on the following cardinal prin¬ 
ciples: 

(a) That those who make and execute the laws must be kept as 
close to the electorate as possible by frequent elections, popular pri¬ 
maries, full publicity for official acts, and definite responsibility for 
official misdeeds or neglect of duty. 

(b) That the power of legislators to act, or refuse to act, in 
defiance of the deliberate will of the majority must be held in check 
by such devices as the Initiative and Referendum. 

(c) That the interest of the individual voter in public affairs and 
his equal voice in their control must be enhanced and sustained by 
protecting municipal home rule in the States, and State Rights in 
the Union against all centralizing tendencies save such as are abso¬ 
lutely necessary to prevent serious injury to the general welfare from 
the negligence of backward communities, or reactionary measures 
flue to local control by selfish private interests.” 

DAVID I. WALSH. 

THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 

The fundamentals may be stated as follows: 

1st. The Republican Party advocates a strong, cen¬ 
tralized government which shall liberally interpret tbe 
ggope of the Federal Constitution. 

§7 


2nd. A tariff sufficiently high not only to meet the 
expenses of the government but also to protect American 
industries. 

It is the organization which sees from the standpoint of 
a Nation, with the States as component parts of the Union. 

In reply to a communication for some expression of 
Republican principles, United States Senator Henry Cabot 
Lodge says: 

“I am a Republican because I believe that the policies of the 
Republican Party are now, and always have been, more likely to 
assure the welfare of the country than those of the Democratic 
Party. I believe in the doctrine of Abraham Lincoln in regard to 
the union of the states. I think the policies of the Republican 
Party have always been thoroughly American and that their first 
purpose has been the protection of American principles and the 
advancement of American interests. I am a Republican because 
I believe that the Republican Party has been and always will be 
true to the great doctrine laid down in the Constitution of the 
State of Massachusetts, that our government should be a govern¬ 
ment of laws and not men. I am a protectionist and the Republican 
Party has been the party of protection.” 

HENRY CABOT LODGE. 

THE SOCIALIST PARTY 

“The Socialist Party is the political expression of the Socialist 
movement. The Socialists contend that most of the evils of the 
day—poverty, child labor, poor housing, industrial panics and dis¬ 
turbances—are due to the private ownership of the industrial 
processes. The Socialists demand that the people of the United 
States own and democratically control the machinery of produc¬ 
tion, distribution and exchange for the use and benefit of the 
people of the United States. Pending the achievement of the ulti¬ 
mate goal, the Socialists in State Legislatures and Congress, vote 
for every social reform that will improve the life, happiness and 
resistance of the workers of brawn and brain. Thus, we have al¬ 
ways urged equal suffrage, child labor laws, workmen’s compensa¬ 
tions, etc. The production and distribution of food, clothing and 
shelter is a social function and, therefore, should be in the control 
of society rather than in the hands of a comparatively small minority 
Of our people/’ 

GEORGE E. ROEWER, JR. 
Member of the National Executive 
Committee of the Socialist Party, 


«8 


PARTY ORGANIZATION. 


All political parties have their respective National Chair¬ 
men and National Committees. The National Committee of 
the Republican Party comprises one member from each 
State and Territory, nominated by the state delegation at 
the National Convention and confirmed by that Convention. 
Each Commlitteeman then names a woman as Associate 
member. The Democratic National Committee consists of 
one man and one woman from each State, selected by 
the State Committee. In a few States, not including 
Massachusetts, the law requires instead that all National 
Committeemen be elected at a primary. 

Before each November presidential election the Na¬ 
tional Chairman of a party calls a National Convention 
to meet in June or July. The delegates to the Conven¬ 
tion nominate candidates for President and Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, and adopt a statement of principles which is known 
as the Party Platform. This platform varies with cam¬ 
paigns, since it sets forth the party’s attitude on the 
issues of the time upon which the party will make its 
campaign for votes. The various statements in the plat¬ 
form are known as planks. 

The State Committee is composed of one member 
elected from each Senatorial District and additional 
members chosen by the State Convention. 

The State Convention consists of not less than one 
elected delegate from each ward or town, the total num¬ 
ber fixed by the State Committee. The Convention 
meets biennially to adopt the state platform, and in pres¬ 
idential years to nominate the candidates for Presidential 
Electors. 

The City or Town Committee is elected by the voters 
of the party, and consists of three or more members (as 
decided by the committee itself) in each ward op town. 


ABOUT ELECTIONS 

WHO MAY VOTE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 

To be allowed to vote one must be: (1) a citizen, (2) 
twenty-one years of age or over, (3) resident in the Com¬ 
monwealth one year, (4) and in the city or town six 
months, and (5) must be able to read the State Constitu¬ 
tion in English and to write his name, unless prevented 
by physical disability. In addition he must register in 
advance. If a voter moves from one place to another 
within the Commonwealth he may still vote in his old dis¬ 
trict until six months have elapsed, by which time he be¬ 
comes entitled to vote in his new district. In State and 
National elections the law allows absentee voting by mail by 
persons away from their district on election day. 

Those specifically debarred from voting are: (1) pau¬ 
pers,—except persons receiving aid who have served in the 
United States army or navy in time of war and have been 
honorably discharged,— (2) persons under guardianship, 
and (3) persons temporarily or permanently disfranchised 
by law for corrupt election practices. 

NATIONAL ELECTIONS 

The President and Vice-President are not elected di¬ 
rectly by the voters, but by the members of the Electoral 
College. This Electoral College is composed of persons 
elected from every State equal to the number of Repre¬ 
sentatives and Senators to which said State is entitled in 
Congress. Thus, as Massachusetts has sixteen Repre¬ 
sentatives and two Senators in Congress, she has eight¬ 
een Electors in the Electoral College, and each voter is 
therefore entitled to vote for eighteen Electoral candi¬ 
dates. These candidates have been nominated by the 
State convention. The Electors meet at the State capi¬ 
tal, the second Monday in January following the November 

79 


election, and cast their ballots for President and Vice- 
President. Legally this is the actual election of the 
President and Vice-President. Practically it is a pure 
formality, as the Electors merely cast their votes for the 
candidates nominated by their party at its National Con¬ 
vention. As they are merely instruments for recording 
the State’s electoral vote, the personality of the Electors 
is of small momlent. These ballots are then sent to the 
President of the United States Senate, who, in joint session 
of Congress the second Wednesday in February, opens the 
ballots and has them counted. The choice of President 
and Vice-President is announced, and they are sworn into 
office on March fourth. 

Should no candidate for the presidency receive a majority 
of the 531 electoral votes, the House of Representatives 
must choose the President from the three candidates 
standing highest in the election, while the Senate selects 
the Vice-President in the same way. 

Thus Senators and Representatives are the only United 
States officers actually elected by the voters. United 
States Senators were formerly elected by the Legislatures 
of the several States, but since 1912 are chosen by the 
direct vote of the people. 

CANDIDATES AND ELECTIONS. 

Elections are of two kinds: primary, for the nomina¬ 
tion of party candidates, at which each voter must de¬ 
clare his party and may have a voice only in deciding 
who shall be the candidates of that party; and final, for 
the actual election of officers, which is absolutely secret, 
and at which no one knows with what party a citizen is 
voting or how he may split his vote between parties. 

Candidates of the political parties for United States 
Senator and Representative and for all elective State and 
county offices are nominated at the State primaries. In 

71 


each party there may be several men desiring to be the 
party candidate for each office. Each man enters the 
race by filing with the Secretary of the Commonwealth 
nomination papers, which state on what party ticket he 
desires to run. They must have been signed by a speci¬ 
fied number* of the voters of the district who are enrolled 
in that party, or not enrolled in any, and these signatures 
must have been certified by the Registrars of Voters,—in 
Boston by the Election Commissioners. 

The State primary nominates one of these aspirants to be 
the candidate of each party for each office. Each voter 
is given a separate party ballot to vote upon. A voter 
not enrolled in any party may ask for whichever party 
ballot he chooses, but doing so enrolls him in that party 
for future primaries. He may have this enrollment 
changed or cancelled, however, by applying to the City 
or Town Clerk,—in Boston, Cambridge and Lowell to the 
Election Commissioners,—not less than thirty days be¬ 
fore a primary. 

At the State primary the voters of each party also elect 
their party officials. 

Names of candidates for any office may also be placed 
on the ballot for the final election by any group other than a 
political partyf by securing a specified number of sig¬ 
natures, not over 1,000, on nomination papers. Such a 
group which has polled for Governor at three successive 
State elections as many votes in any district as names are 
required on nomination papers for any office, may if it 
prefers nominate candidates for such offices by caucuses 
or conventions, rather than by petitions. 

City and town officers may be nominated by primaries, 
by party caucuses, or by petition, according to local rules. 

* 1000 signatures, not less than 2/50 from each of four counties, for officers 
elected by the entire State: for officers elected from a smaller division a number of 
signatures equal to 5 from each ward and town in the district, maximum number 
required 250. 

t A “political party” is a party which at the preceding State election polled for 
Governor at least 3% of the entire gubernatorial vote. 

72 



THE FOLLOWING REGULAR ELECTIONS ARE 
HELD: other special elections may be called. 

PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES, on the last Tuesday in 
April in presidential years; at which are elected dele¬ 
gates and alternate delegates to the party National Con¬ 
ventions (which nominate their respective candidates for 
President). Candidates for delegate may indicate on the 
ballot which of the declared candidates for the presidential 
nomination they will support, thus allowing the voters by 
their choice of delegates to influence the presidential 
nomination. This is therefore called a “Preferential Pri- 
mary”. 

STATE PRIMARIES, in September, on the eighth Tues¬ 
day before each State Election; to nominate candidates 

1 United States Senator. 

16 United States Represen¬ 
tatives, one from each 
Congressional District. 
Governor. 

Lieutenant-Governor. 
Secretary of the Com¬ 
monwealth. 

Attorn ey- Gen eral. 

Treasurer. 

Auditor. 

8 members of the Govern¬ 
or’s Council, one from 
each Councillor District. 

40 State Senators, one from 
each Senatorial District. 
240 State Representatives, 
one, two, or three from 
each Representative 
District. 

Alternately 1 and 2 
County Commissioners 
in each county (except 
in Chelsea, Boston and 
Nantucket), for four- 
year terms. 

8 District Attorneys, one in 
egch District, 


for the following officers: 

1924 and every sixth year\ 
1928 and everv sixth year/ 
Biennially 


1928 and every fourth year 


7 ? 


1926 and every fourth year 

1924 and every sixth year 
1926 and every sixth year 


1928 and every sixth year 

1924 and every tenth year 


The primary also elects 

Biennially 


2 Associate County Commis¬ 
sioners in each county 
(except in Chelsea, Bos¬ 
ton, and Nantucket). 

1 Register of Probate and In¬ 
solvency in each county. 

1 County Treasurer in each 
county (except Suffolk 
and Nantucket, where 
the city and town Treas- 
u r e r, respectively, 
serve). 

1 Sheriff in each county. 

Clerks of Courts, 3 in Suf¬ 
folk County, 1 in every 
other county. 

1 Register of Deeds in each 

county. 

5 Commissioners in Boston. 

2 Commissioners in Chelsea. 

1 Commissioner inWinthrop. 

1 Commissioner in Revere. 

These 9 Commissioners 
serve for two-year 
terms, and have the sole 
duty of dividing Suf¬ 
folk County into Repre¬ 
sentative Districts. 

3 following party officials:. 

1 member of the party State 
Committee from each 
Senatorial District. 

3 or more persons to be the 
Ward or Town Commit¬ 
tee. 

1 or more delegates to the 
party Convention from 
each ward or town. 


STATE ELECTION, on the Tuesday after the first Mon¬ 
day in November, biennially in even-numbered years; 

fills all the offices for which nominations are made at the pri¬ 
maries, and in 1924 and every four years elects 18 Presi¬ 
dential Electors (who have been nominated by the party 
State Convention). 

CITY AND TOWN ELECTIONS, annually. They may 
be preceded by primaries or party caucuses. City elections 

74 


come on a Tuesday in December; town elections in Feb¬ 
ruary, March, or April. (Norwood, Marshfield and 
Middleborough in January.) 

REGISTRATION. 

Annually in April or May the Assessors (the police, 
in Boston, and a number of other cities) by personal can¬ 
vass make up the list of all residents twenty years old or 
over. A person wishing to register must show he is a 
resident by getting his name then, or later, on this list 
of assessed polls. 

Every city and town has a Board of Registrars of 
Voters, called in Boston, Cambridge and Lowell the Elec¬ 
tion Commission, and in small towns often consisting of the 
Selectmen and Clerk. Before each regular election and 
primary the Registrars must hold specified sessions. In 
cities registration closes at ten o’clock in the evening of 
the twentieth day before a regular final election; in 
towns, on the second Saturday before. 

To register, a person presents himself to the Registrars 
in his own ward or at the central office, and is sworn to 
answer all questions truthfully. He gives his name and 
residence, and writes his name in the book. He draws 
from a box a slip bearing five lines of the State Constitu¬ 
tion, which he reads aloud. He answers certain ques¬ 
tions,—his age, his residence in the city or town on the pre¬ 
ceding first of April or at the time of subsequently be¬ 
coming an inhabitant, the nature and place of his occupa¬ 
tion, place of birth, and if a naturalized citizen the date 
and name and location of the naturalization court. A 
naturalized citizen, or the wife of one, must show his 
papers in order to register. In Boston a person’s height 
is also noted. 

A person once registered remains on the voting list year 
after year provided he gets on the assessors or police li3t 

75 


each year. Otherwise he is notified that his name has 
been dropped from the voting list, and he must re¬ 
register. 


VOTING. 

A person votes in the ward or precinct in which he 
resided on April 1st, or in which he first took up his 
residence if he moved to the city or town later than that 
date but at least six months before the election. All the 
residents of one precinct vote at the same polling place. 

At final elections the polls, in cities, may be opened at 
6 A. M. and must be opened by 10 A. M.; in towns they 
may open at 5.45 A. M. and must open by noon. All polls 
must close not later than 8 P. M. 

The voter presents himself at the gate of the guard 
rail running across the polling place, and gives his name 
and residence to the ballot clerks stationed there. The 
clerks repeat his name, check it on the voting list, and give 
a ballot to the voter, who is now admitted within the rail. 
The voter goes to a marking compartment, where a pen¬ 
cil is provided. At the right of each name on the ballot 
is a square box, and the voter marks an X after the name 
of each candidate for whom he wishes to vote. Follow¬ 
ing the list of candidates for each office are as many 
blank lines as there are persons to be elected, on which 
the voter may write in the name, or paste on a sticker 
bearing the name, of any other person for whom he desires 
to vote, and must mark the usual X after such name. If he 
votes for more candidates than there are persons to be 
elected, or if his choice is uncertain, his ballot is not 
counted. If a voter wishes to vote for an entire set of 
candidates for Presidential Electors, or delegates to the 
party State Convention, or, in Boston, for the party Ward 
Committee, he may mark a single X in the box provided 
at the top of the list of such candidates. After the candi- 

76 


dates on the ballot come propositions to be voted upon, 
with “yes” and “no” boxes after each. 

If a voter spoils his ballot he may return it to the ballot 
clerk and receive another, and if necessary still a third, 
but no more. 

A voter who declares on oath that because of physical 
disability he cannot mark his ballot alone, may designate 
any voter to assist him. Otherwise all voting must be 
absolutely secret. 

The voter folds and takes his ballot to the ballot box, 
and tells his name and residence to the ballot box officer, 
who announces it. An officer checks his name upon a 
voting list and repeats it, after which the voter is allowed 
to slip his ballot, with the official endorsement uppermost, 
into the slot in the ballot box. 

Instead of marking compartments and ballot boxes, 
cities and towns are permitted to use approved voting 
machines. 


77 





FACSIMILE OF A MASSACHUSETTS BALLOT AT A PRESIDENTIAL AND STATE ELECTION. 

















































































































































































































































































































































NATURALIZATION 

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States reads: “All persons born or naturalized in 
the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, 
are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein 
they reside/’ 

Citizens by birthright are, therefore, persons who are 
born in this country. 

Citizens by naturalization are those who take out natu¬ 
ralization papers through the proper courts. Persons be¬ 
longing to the white or black races are the only ones who 
may become naturalized. The yellow races are excluded. 
However, a Chinese or Japanese child born in the United 
States is a citizen, though his parents may not become 
naturalized. 

A man is also ineligible for citizenship if he withdrew his 
declaration of intention to avoid military service during the 
recent war. 

Courts of Naturalization in Massachusetts are the United 
States District Court in Boston, and the Superior Court 
sitting in the several counties. 

The procedure of naturalization for a man, unmarried 
woman, or a widow, is as follows. The person who intends 
to become a citizen must be over eighteen years of age. He 
goes before the Clerk of the Naturalization Court and de¬ 
clares his intention to become a citizen of the United States. 
He makes oath to this effect, and he does not need to sign 
his name, nor read nor speak English. The Clerk attests to 
the form, which is now a certificate and is given to the 
applicant. There is a fee of one dollar for this declaration. 

DECLARATION OF INTENTION 

Invalid for all Purposes Seven Years after the Date Hereof. 

In the .. 

ss. 

of. 

I .. aged . years, occupation .... 

do declare on oath that my personal description is: Color 

79 


Court. 


*TS 










complexion ., height.feet. inches, weight...... 

pounds, color of hair., color of eyes.. other visible 

distinctive marks . I was born in .. on the. day 

of ., anno Domini 1.; I now reside at. 

I emigrated to the United States of America from. 

on the vessel.; my last foreign residence was 

. It is my bona fide intention to renounce forever 

all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, 
or sovereignty, and particularly to ., of whom I am now a sub¬ 
ject; I arrived at the port of .. in the State of 

..., on or about the . day of .. anno 

Domini 1.; I am not an anarchist; I am not a polygamist nor 

a believer in the practice of polygamy; and it is my intention in 
good faith to become a citizen of the United States of America and 
to permanently reside therein; so help me god. 


(Original signature of declarant.) 

Subscribed and sworn before me this. 

day of ., anno Domini 192.... 


Clerk of the.Court. 

By ...Clerk. 


The second step in naturalization cannot be taken unless 
the applicant has lived in the United States for five years 
and in the State for the one preceding year. The first 
papers may be obtained at any time—the day the immi¬ 
grant lands, if he so desires,—but the final papers call for a 
five-year residence. Also there must be an interval of two 
years between the first and last papers. 

The first papers are good for seven years. If the declar¬ 
ant forgets or neglects to apply for second papers within 
seven years, he must begin all over again, take out first 
papers, and wait two years more for his second papers. 

As a preliminary to securing final papers applicants who 
came into the United States after June 29, 1906, should 
apply for a blank form called “Application for Certificate 
of Arrival”. This paper should be filled out and mailed to 
Washington according to directions given. Then the appli¬ 
cant must wait until notified to appear at the court. Those 
who arrived on or before June 29, 1906, need not do this. 

To obtain his final papers the applicant again goes to the 
Naturalization Court. If he has changed his residence he 

80 






























may go to a different court from that to which he went for 
his first papers. He must take with him two witnesses 
who make oath that they have personally known that the 
applicant has lived in the United States for five years im¬ 
mediately preceding his application. (If he resided for part 
of the five years in other States he may have other wit¬ 
nesses or depositions covering said period.) His witnesses 
must know him to be of good character, attached to the 
principles of the Constitution, and qualified, in their minds, 
to be a citizen of the United States. These witnesses must 
be citizens, birthright or naturalized. The blank form such 
as must be filled is as follows: 

PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 

To the Honorable the . Court of . 

The petition of.hereby filed, respectfully 

showeth: 

First. My place of residence is... 

Second. My occupation is . 

Third. I was born on the .day of.anno Domini 

1.. at . 

Fourth. I emigrated to the United States from.. on or 

about the. day of.anno Domini 1 .. and arrived 

in the United States, at the port of .. on the.day 

of . anno Domini 1.. on the vessel. 

Fifth. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the 

United States on the.day of., anno Domini 1 at 

.. in the.Court of . 

Sixth. I am.married. My wife’s name is. 

She was born in.. and now resides at. I have 

.children, and the name, date and place of birth, and place 

of residence of each of said children is as follows:... 


Seventh. I am not a disbeliever in or opposed to organized 
government or a member of or affiliated with any organization or 
body of persons teaching disbelief in or opposed to organized gov¬ 
ernment. I am not a polygamist nor a believer in the practice of 
polygamy. I am attached to the principles of the Constitution of 
the United States and it is my intention to become a citizen of 
the United States and to renounce absolutely and forever all al¬ 
legiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or 

sovereignty, and particularly to.of whom at this time I am a 

subject, and it is my intention to reside permanently in the United 
States. 

Eighth. I am able to speak the English language. 

Ninth I have resided continuously in the United States of 
America for the term of five years at least, immediately preceding 

81 


































the date of this petition, to wit, since the.day of. 

anno Domini 1., and in the State of., continuously next 

preceding the date of this petition, since the.day of. 

anno Domini 1.. being a resident within this State of at least 

one year next preceding the date of this petition. 

Tenth. I have not heretofore made petition for citizenship to 

any court. (I made petition for citizenship to the.Court of 

.at.. on the.day of.anno Domini 

1., and the said petition was denied by the said Court for 

the following reasons and causes, to wit,., and the cause 

of such denial has since been cured or removed.) 

Attached hereto and made a part of this petition are my decla¬ 
ration of intention to become a citizen of the United States and the 
certificate from the Department of Labor, together with my affidavit 
and the affidavits of the two verifying witnesses thereto, required 
by law. Wherefore your petitioner prays that he may be admitted 
a citizen of the United States of America. 


(Complete and true signature of petitioner.) 

Declaration of Intention and Certificate of Arrival No. 

from Department of Labor filed this.day of.. 192. 

The Clerk fills out the formal petition for naturalization 
in accordance with the information on the blank. The ap¬ 
plicant makes oath that his statements are true, and signs 
the petition. The Clerk files the petition, the certificate of 
arrival, the declaration of intention, and the affidavits of 
the two witnesses. The fee for this is four dollars. The 
Clerk posts a notice of the application in his office, and sends 
a copy of the petition to the Bureau of Naturalization in 
Washington. 

The United States authorities have a right to cross- 
examine the applicant and his witnesses, at the final hearing 
in open court, at least ninety days later. The applicant 
receives due notice when this hearing will be held. The 
Judge examines the applicant in English on such questions 
as will show the extent of the applicant’s knowledge of our 
principles and form of Government, the duties and privi¬ 
leges of a citizen, names of various officials, etc. 

If the Judge is satisfied that the applicant is qualified to 
be a citizen of the United States, he administers the oath 
p£ allegiance, which is: 

33 





















“I do hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely re¬ 
nounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, 

potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly to. 

the .:. of . of 

whom I have heretofore been a subject; that I will support and de¬ 
fend the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America 
against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and that I will bear 
true faith and allegiance to the same, so help me god. 

If the applicant desires to change his name he may do so 
as a part of the naturalization proceedings. 

No certificate of naturalization is issued by any court 
within thirty days next preceding a general election in the 
district over which the court has jurisdiction. 

An exception 6f the five-year period of residence is made 
for the soldiers and sailors. 

A naturalized citizen who goes back to his native country 
and resides there for two years, or in any other country 
for five years may be deprived of his United States citizen¬ 
ship, unless he can give satisfactory reasons for his absence 
from this country. 


CITIZENSHIP OF MARRIED WOMEN 

Previous to September 22, 1922, a married woman took 
the nationality of her husband. An American woman who 
married an alien became herself an alien.* An alien woman 
who married an American or whose husband became natu¬ 
ralized, became herself an American citizen (provided she 
belonged to one of the races which might be naturalized). 
A married woman could not take out naturalization papers. 

The Cable Bill in 1922 gave married women independent 
citizenship on the following terms: 

Those married previous to Sept. 22, 1922. 

Their status is not changed, except that 

(1) The American woman who had lost her citizen¬ 
ship by marriage to an alien (himself eligible to 
citizenship) is permitted to take out naturaliza¬ 
tion papers, which she may do without (a) having 


*The attorney-General of Massachusetts gave an opinion to the effect that 
nr, Amprican woman who had married an alien previous to the passage of the 
Naturalization Act of March 2, 1907 could retain her American citizenship. Thus 
Massachusetts permits such women to vote. 

83 






filed a declaration of intention, or (b) having 
lived in the country more than one year. 

(2) The alien woman married to an alien (himself 
eligible for citizenship) is permitted to take out 
independent naturalization papers and become a 
citizen by going through the regular process. 
Those married after Sept. 22, 1922. 

(1) An American woman who marries an alien re¬ 
tains her citizenship, unless 

(a) her husband is ineligible to citizenship, or 

(b) she renounces her citizenship before a nat¬ 
uralization court, or 

(c) she goes abroad to live, in which case she is 
under the same presumption of having for¬ 
feited her citizenship as a naturalized citizen. 
(See page 83.) 

(2) An alien woman who marries an American , or 
whose husband becomes naturalized, does not ac¬ 
quire citizenship, but she may become naturalized, 
and is not required (a) to have filed a declaration 
of intention, or (b) to have lived in the country 
more than one year. 

(3) The alien woman who marries an alien (himself 
eligible to citizenship) may take out independent 
naturalization papers and become a citizen by 
going through the regular process. 

CITIZENSHIP OF CHILDREN 

Children who are minors become citizens upon the natu¬ 
ralization of the father, or the mother if a widow, provided 
said children come to this country before they are twenty- 
one years of age. 

Children born abroad, of United States citizens, are citi¬ 
zens also, provided the parent has been a resident of the 
United States. 

Alien children adopted by United States citizens do not 
acquire citizenship. 


84 


GLOSSARY OF POLITICAL TERMS 

For terms not found here see Index. 

Alien and Sedition Laws— Laws providing for the de¬ 
portation of aliens judged to be dangerous to the peace 
and liberties of America and for the suppression of sedi¬ 
tion. Sedition consists in conspiracy against the Govern¬ 
ment, the utterance of false, scandalous or malicious 
writing, etc., against the Government by either aliens 
or citizens. 

Bicameral— The organization of a legislative or similar 
body into two houses. 

Budget— A financial statement of the estimated in¬ 
come and necessary expenditures of National, State or 
City Government, upon which appropriations are based. 

Caucus— A meeting of voters of a specified party for 
the purpose of nominating party candidates, or for the 
election of delegates to party conventions, or to determine 
action on certain questions of party importance. 

Direct Primary—A preliminary election in which the 
voters of each party directly nominate the party candi¬ 
dates. It replaced the convention system, in which the 
voters merely chose convention delegates, who made the 
nominations. 

Eminent Domain— The right of government to condemn 
and take private property for public use, the courts to 
determine the value by jury decision. 

Excise Tax— A tax levied on goods produced within 
the country. 

Fillibuster— Prolonged debate with the object of pre¬ 
venting a bill from being voted upon. 

Franchise— The grant of special privilege which en¬ 
ables a corporation in a state or municipality to do busi¬ 
ness. Also the right of an individual to vote. 

85 


Frank— A privilege granted by Congress to individ¬ 
uals and departments entitling them to the free use of 
the mails. 

Free Trade— The free commercial intercourse between 
countries, with low tariffs levied for revenue only, rather 
than protection. 

Gerrymander— The districting of a state or city for 
party advantage. 

Habeas Corpus— An order or writ, obtained from a 
Judge of the court, commanding that the designated 
prisoner be immediately brought into court for examina¬ 
tion. The right of Habeas Corpus is especially provided 
for in Federal and State Constitutions, and is intended to 
prevent the illegal detention of persons falsely accused. 

Injunction and Abatement Act— This measure puts 
upon the owner of property the responsibility for its use 
for immoral purposes. The owner may be fined or put 
under bond to insure the property from again being put 
to vice use. 

Interstate Commerce— Commerce or railway transporta¬ 
tion from one state to others. 

Intrastate Commerce— Commerce within the State. 

Joker— A clause of a bill, having a concealed mean¬ 
ing which subverts the original purpose of the bill, or 
adds or detracts from the intent of its supporters. 

Lobbyist —One who by personal effort with the law¬ 
makers endeavors to influence legislation. 

Log-Rolling— Trading of votes by members of a legis¬ 
lative body or council. 

Mandamus— A writ compelling an officer or corpora¬ 
tion to perform his or its public duty, which may have 
been omitted, neglected, or refused. 

Monopoly— Combinations in trade which stifle compe¬ 
tition. 


86 


Monroe Doctrine —The enunciation by President Mon¬ 
roe to the effect that any attempt by a foreign power to 
gain foothold in the Western Hemisphere would be re¬ 
garded by the United States as an unfriendly act. 

Pork —The securing of some superfluous or extrava¬ 
gant benefit to a member's constituency at public ex¬ 
pense, as for instance a postoffice, bridge, public build¬ 
ing, etc. 

Precinct— A subdivision of a city for the designation 
of election places, fire, police and other departmental ad¬ 
ministration. 

Preferential Ballot —A ballot whereon the voter may 
indicate his choice of candidates as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. If 
there is no majority election on first choices his ballot 
helps his second choice, otc. 

Proportional Representation —A system in which each 
political party or group of opinion receives representa¬ 
tion in Congress or other bodies in proportion to the num¬ 
ber of votes it receives. It eliminates the gerrymander 
and other political tricks. 

Protection— The levying of high import duties on cer¬ 
tain classes of goods for the protection from foreign 
competition of American manufacturers. 

Recall —The right of voters, by means of petition, and 
election, to remove officials whose conduct is disapproved. 

Reciprocity —Reciprocal adjustment between the 
United States and foreign countries, which lowers duties 
on goods, for mutual increase of commerce. 

Rider—An addition to a bill which bears no reference 
to the subject matter of the original bill. 

Short Ballot —The election of but few officials,—those 
who determine policies,—who are given power to appoint 
executive heads of departments for whose actions the 
elected officers are held responsible, 

e? 


Single Tax —A system which takes taxes off of all the 
products of labor, and places the entire cost on land. 

Slate—A list of candidates made up beforehand for 
nomination or appointment. 

States’ Rights —The power reserved by the individual 
States to settle their own internal affairs. 

Tariff —The tax placed on foreign goods entering the 
country. 

Trusts —Combinations of business interests to create 
monopolies for the purpose of controlling manufactures, 
commodities, or prices. 


$8 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


A Citizen’s Guide (on Massachusetts 
State Government) 

Boston League of Women 
Voters 

Massachusetts Primer of Citizenship 
and Government 

White. Mass. League of 
Women Voters 

The Constitution and Government of 
Massachusets 

Frothingham 

Outline of Government in the United 
States (with further bibliography) 

National League of Women 
Voters, 811 Superior Ave. 
N. E., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Parties, Politics and People 

League of Women Voters, 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

Manual for the General Court 

Commonwealth of Massa¬ 
chusetts 

Citizens’ Handbook (on Boston City 
Government) 

Women’s Municipal 

League of Boston 

Boston Municipal Register 

City of Boston 


City Charter 


The Woman Citizen 

Boyd 

Your Vote and How to Use It 

Brown 

The Woman Voter’s Manual 

Forman-Shuler 

American Citizenship 

Beard 

The Spotlight (a monthly magazine 
on the National Government) 

Searchlight Publishing Co., 
Washington, D. C. 

The Woman Citizen (a fortnightly 
magazine) 

171 Madison Ave., New York 
City 


89 



INDEX 


Absentee Voting.70 

Ambassadors.11 

Amending Massachusetts Constitution.25 

Amending the U. S. Constitution.16 

Americanization (see Naturalization).79-84 

Appointments. 11, 27, 45, 46, 15 

Attorney-General.12, 22, 28, 41 

Auditor.28, 42, 46, 56 

Ballot.76, 78 

Ballot, Facsimile of. 78 

Basis of Representation.-7 

Bibliography.89 

Bills.19 

Blackwell, Alice Stone.3 

Boards.13 

Boston City Government. 51-64 

Boston City Government Chart.52,53 

Budget.26, 46, 51 

Cabinet Members.12,13 

Cable Bill.83, 84 

Candidates..71, 72 

Changing Name.83 

Children, Citizenship of.84 

Cities, Massachusetts.40, 44-50 

Citizenship (see Naturalization).79-84 

City Council.46, 51, 54 

City Departments (Boston).57^64 

City Government, Types of.44 

City Manager.44, 45 

Civil Service.13, 30, 51 

College Equal Suffrage League.3 

Commission Government of Cities.44, 45 

Commissions and Boards, National.13, 14 

Committees, Congressional..10 

Committees, Massachusetts..19,20 

Congress.7, 8, 9 

Congressional Representation.7 

Congressmen, Salaries, etc.14 

Councillors.25, 26 

County Government.38-39 

Courts.15, 33-37 

Democratic Party.67 

Departments, Boston City.57-64 

Departments, Massachusetts.29-32 

Departments, National.12-13 

District Attorney.15, 36 

District Courts.33 

District Judges.15 

Duties of Congress....8, 9 


90 



















































Elections. 

Electoral College. 

Engross. 

Executive Department, National. 

Executive Department, State. 

Extradition. 

Federal Courts. 

Federal Judges. 

Federal Reserve Board. 

Federal Trade Commission. 

Finance Commission. 

Frame of Government of Cities, Table. . 

General Court, Massachusetts. 

Glossary. 

Governor.. 

Governor’s Council. 

House of Representatives, Massachusetts 

House of Representatives, National. 

Impeachment. 

Improvement Districts. 

Initiative and Referendum. 

Interstate Commerce Commission. 

Judges. 

Judiciary, Massachusetts. 

Judiciary, National. 

Jury. 7 . 

Justices. 

Laws, How Made. 

Legislative Department, Massachusetts. . 

Legislative Department, National. 

Legislative Measures. 

Lieutenant-Governor. 

Local Government. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 

Massachusetts Cities. 

Massachusetts, Constitution of. 

Massachusetts, General Court. 

Massachusetts, Map of. 

Massachusetts, Representation. 

Massachusetts, State Government. 

Massachusetts, State Government, Chart 

Mayor. 

Measures, Legislative. 

Municipal Courts. . 

Name, How Changed. . 

National Elections. . 

National Government. 

Naturalization. 

Nominations.. 

Officers Elected at State Election. 

Organization of Parties. 

Pardons. 

Party Organization. 

Political Parties... 

n 


.70-74 

.10, 70 

.20-21 

.11 

.25, 26 

.27 

..15 

.15 

.14 

.14 

.56 

.48-50 

.17 

.85-88 

19, 20, 22, 23, 24,25, 26.27, 28 

.26,27,28 

.17, 19 

.7, 8, 10 

.10, 19, 33 

...43 

.22-24, 45 

.13 

.15, 33, 34,36 

.33-37 

.15 

.34-36 

. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 

.19-22 

.17 

.7 

.19, 20 

.25, 26, 27, 28 

.40-50 

.68 

.48-50 

.17, 25 

.17 

.6 

.; .7 

..17 

.18 

.46, 51, 54, 55 

.19, 20, 21 

. 33, 34 

. . .'. 83 

. 70, 71 

.7 

. 79-84 

.45, 57, 69-74 

.73, 74 

.69 

.11, 27 

.69 

.§5.69 

























































Political Parties, Chart of. .66 

Postmaster-General. 12 

Powers of Governor.26, 27 

Powers of President.11 

President of Senate.7, 17, 71 

President of United States.10,11, 12, 13, 14 

Presidential Primaries.73 

Primaries.71-73 

Principles of Political Parties.67-68 

Probation.37 

Qualifications for Voting. 70 

Recall.45, 87 

Referendum.22, 23, 24, 25 

Registration.75 

Representation in Congress.7 

Representative, Age, Term, etc.8 

Republican Party.67-68 

Roewer, George E., Jr.68 

Route of a Bill through the Legislature, Chart.21 

Salaries.14, 24 

School Committees.42, 44, 55 

Seal of the United States.16 

Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.37 

Seal of the City of Boston.63 

Secretary of Agriculture.13 

Secretary of Commerce.13 

Secretary of Commonwealth.20, 22, 28 

Secretary of Interior.12 

Secretary of Labor.13 

Secretary of Navy.12 

Secretary of State.12 

Secretary of Treasury.12 

Secretary of War.12 

Selectmen.42 

Senate, Massachusetts.17 

Senate, United States.7,10 

Socialist Party.68 

Speaker of House, Massachusetts.19 

Speaker of House, National.8 

State Departments.29-32 

State Officers.28 

State Representation.7 

Stone, Lucy.1,3 

Succession to Governorship.28 

Succession to Presidency.13 

Superior Court, Massachusetts .33, 34-35 

Supreme Court, U. S.15 

Supreme Judicial Court, Massachusetts.33, 35 

Term of State Officers.17 

Term of U. S. Representatives.8 

Term of U. S. Senator.7 

Terms used Politically.85 

Town Meetings.40, 41 

Towns. t _40 

























































Treasurer.28 

Treaties.10 

United States .7-9, 10, 11 

United States Representatives.7-8,10 

United States Senators.7 

Veto Power of Governor.22, 23, 26 

Veto Power of Mayor..46, 51, 54 

Veto Power of President.11 

Vice-President.7, 10, 13, 14 

Voting..76,77 

Voting Qualifications.70 

Walsh, David 1.67 

Women, Citizenship of Married.83, 84 


































mm 

‘ 

; • » , 










































. 
















































. ' 





































































































































# 











\ 























- 





































• 





























































. 















































































































/* 









■ 

* 





























' 























PRINTED BY 

THE CENTURY PRESS 

BOSTON, MASS, 



• I " . * . • ^ } 

ir>y. 

r:, , v- 

':;vvUP4 


gjX- 


~fx: 


’/ *£ 


y-g ^4 


■ 

'fS"?• f i'•''« ?.’v/.*-‘j J 4 ♦ $>* • -’hi- h 1 ^ A r -’5xfr-<■ ;i> ifes JjiFvi Mo* /* ■-’ 

kf $*>■%*?'* g 3; i&fK rl^m^tM^-Wt i $3^fc Wk W* 

$ :> - : :■ ■# • m 4 r:V'- : - ‘ •# •; 'V-.' §i*.«fc£j 

-? ^ v C'V-■ f i-v •• v s a*-.X.-«-.- -cf/- c.:- *,v s '.?-.- «. .*.'*. y,.-r ?h.£ »!, £ i> V 

« .f :i ; ■ ; -r •. 4 * ;/ff~-&> V • ;3 r •# : : - . -X.'-••»-.-* • 

' 


¥« 


Ki 


- ■-*•'■ 






Mi 


••( t . 


&££-#•£ i fit- i ■• >£. *, *aB --: 


>A 


ikiSilp 




as 


1 


■mjI# &t ■?• 

' .-, f v ' - ' V ^ • , .i 

vM£fc hj ■'-?'•>, iv!% 


? -§ 


1.' 5P 






f-kw ■ 3’ 
' ffxJs.: 


t,s <* W 


■:*v 


If} ► 


;w 


, Jf K.- f* 


: .. *; » . , j- ,•* 'is.v.rv 

1 &:. j£*-■ >iJt »f i^S#.. f: VV 

•i V ' i ,r '; '• i ■’ • aft. •- ■;* 

••-•:<.- tv* •%.Ml 


'$ mi ft- 14 rWsl|'>>!i plk *; .w»: fe % a jiPj 

sJC ’.;*£.•*• . •' yi»va ■ S-V^'s tR. * 2 Kv wt*A . 4-^s’'y.sf-* - ■*•. A.' i . .?• ,. ».yfe, V. ii'',4/'!.. /•’ > P. v,»-. v»' * ?"• - -i•■» .»..* ifcL V- - j-»'- :«5, «• v-:»^ 

:fr?z( 2.&i :&.'**&- ^u--k *v; fe v '4-' ■•<;." 

< J, --~?.f-;•> -' 2c '' '»aij *•-1/ j<A‘. . "'•( ; j ': v . ‘T •,'^t'.f.',» •,.. "t ■rff'>-4=^ . j •. ■i-j*-. H - “«• ''• ''',■?' ,, J§Ti;-'Hisl ^ ' 

; ;i ^4!ki’: # . ^JR'rS^pMfS ; R" ; I. ikt h?^;; ® :;: i 

■• - ' ' 7 » t' * < -■'v> \ <'■* ■•-'?.'$ • rV •> ; -■ i-' hi 't ’ l f> -!. u -V ■' ^ .* ■«• 'Jc.-i 5*'..j 1 ^a- T i; J, r v J A . ..r ^T'trf'' J*c?aA1 


\i 


r 




liS 


jsi 


r;-i' H £§(-' 5 " ^ 1 iff ■ ft,:M# 

S.r ,ir t , ir x’*- ^ • 4 r. v - ^ * A: < A * - ?. ‘if h ^ v it /,t v ?®-fv 

SrnKi>; ' f - i <c ' -4 *-.l i * jifrijp ^ i- • ^ r- • v ^ 

- ^>;yt .-jsrzS i \d\± ^ « 5 V ^ -'W • #i Z. * - *. „ , •• ^- v ^ 4 «-> # •' t I. aj* t I ><L 

■ ■ :• ' ; ■ !&&. -V-'U r *: 

IS tofc?; 






ii 


& 


ai 


^, n± 








s. 


\t± J 
‘-"P.-jy 


•Hji'W-t ;V 


s. 


f 




}'W 


-'i v y 


r 4 .fi X. 
v fzi’ 

»" io/l 

U.V 


443&§s&•/.-v?>' .•-• mt-LsvWs -■' 

'■ :?■ 4 .- 

■ 

IffiS m< 3*!$^ * -‘4- ^ f -r fi i I R -fe 

; 


9ti 




Ivy. 


rj-'i. 1 ? 


ii~t;d.-y s - 


• ',- i_ 
.3#*- ^ 


' : ; 4-' -v^.•■••" 7 '-«, v- < v ;" v-".- 4--y •; 'fv- ;- • -liK ' V.^r • .4 ^ ; 'y-r* />« 

'.‘Twf’L ■.'•/'»*'/. "S4 ' f*j • ■ VJ-. vj4. •_:‘ .V ' "'- '••, ■• • v'- -,' . •. , . i. ..^ • >„•'?■ .-.•- '-^k ' •<•-> <■ 'tfffztl •T’ Ci*l 

. 

i • . •■ ' 

- i - ; ,' ••>'. • "' • ' •-= - - ':• ••• ^i- '.; ' " "r •• ' • - -•■■ :. ■ •■ •: - , ;. ^ t,s : 

i c ', 

■■: ■ * ■-: ^i-SI^?.' fy i - & ' '_: '■ 

i If 


V^; 


‘3 ■* •r r vr?r^‘v 

fcrM.- p. \ A *uU • 

- 

*• -^'v -t- ri : - T - ‘ 5 sfc'i>.i. -w 

W—i 

** 7* 


i >•% 


<•- .4.> T-.- .'^ ' 


V. 




St* I 

- r f:»|p 

|' i4‘ ■ ?Tjy vS'f. • ~fA^ ; iTr*•' •'V^K ■' r -’<J 




■ !%■ v»,j ., !>c, ,. i i rv -Y r vV. •. -.: 

-.•. V* > • ' -v ■ _• Ai-' • .V .-*,. Trf ' • -\ ii'-Rji-"vr-''->i 

^4/ • v:. J'~y ■ |^§L>4'* 14 y r Pg>.Vj;, 

:4 -.iVACy; . 4 f > i-, 4/4 - m< 

$x 5 fzW-M : ^vc' '^4* 17 -y- vs k \. -??' v ; 

" -- yp : :--; ;; ‘ ' wi ■■P}*>p.\. sr <L"-P [\>.j T v ; - ..' 

' 


ij®® 




f -"'- a-H . •" ’•’' -■ >- 

' • ;': v 


.v-Vvt :'5i4v7 x f-' tzbfs -r’. • 

: 

;•- ■/ 1 4 > I 

» v - : < 

<*>k ;^ VP'JPpd< 4Cw'fcv' 

- . ;V■ -:V . ■;>% * -4 •:.^*7,-:- 

;•&•:. ’ 5 V ;; .' Vi- • ;•. ; - ^ 4 - * 4 * 1 : 


4 - 

/!'.?• r v . •' 




■•'■-’ • V , 

v - *|i« S.-5 |r-Mf !^V^' 




9-Vi’. V« '■ •'>'• 

^•iMa ivy 


* . V ?;2 


SjS'ik 


. ■■ ,r 

if ,7 "; fi V ■ 7 if /; v : ■ .77Sf; : i;:, '"Vf ';f^f 'M r rm 


nb 

;»%! 


."< *» .>.■ 


,* ' ■ - V * .i V* r . u _ r * -* ’ ,v ^ _' ^ 7*V 7 1 ,* i *i-^ *\*V. 

'• f .T-t . v ; -'. )Z$r '- • ‘ •■;'• -x". w-' •5*3^y-*'4®4-warvV^i 

'.4j <J'% rj£♦ ^4.-^ i£ 4 i25?aw®H 

» r •■•■■ - ''ft-ic f . Vf, *-- .- ■ *V^ ' '• ^ V .v.; -', • !>•.:• v 

; I 1 ^?^ 4 si 

- . ;4 a,:, 


Ji,‘ * . 




Wmm^ 


m 






f Vf » ^ • i*>A 

' 4v' t V'V".' ;. ; -f"f 
.it v<•»* :-'•; 

>*fi sSv^>-.U 


4 .v, '-‘ ■' ; - , ^-;--V' ': 4 5- Kv- :4;;>. 

<:-• 

; ^ 7- 4 #7p‘- ^n<:UP '§1111 

s:x f : ' • : jgmff is! 

; - •"• V 'f-'•' '..'-4' ' •■ ;Lv 

yi: ? 7 l'' ' 7 :^ ( i;-i : ;;i 

L',r?> i 1 1 4^-* - ,'v' J'iJvjTi vClvVii.' ■i-.t , l 7 4 v 1 .^^ • j 1 


f-.i /fas 


if 






P I f : 4V:V : . .^|;- 

;‘;4 ,4i; 4:p { ;f 

yi' 4 i% '4 f l,V:^ n •;>^' -?* ’$> ’• :^&rm 

>f* * - **, . • t -,e. - I .*. - r* %' -.->•• •• '> s -_ .-A* ,fy r .;-.vf •'• s-'’• •;/; 

';>. : .' 4 -^;,-.^"v' v "- ^"4: ■'?'.l* v4 : f 

■ ^ ‘ *v - K fc-; » k. .<■ < *• •» • -. . '.yf/H Jw -'■ A-' - !‘iV' 7 . y ' Vif~< ‘ V* •-«* X ►>V»f/- ,-fi' ^ ‘-i.-ily^f .•, 


TP 






m 























